persons tracing ancestry in Kenya back to its independence can apply for Kenyan citizenship. To date, however, the government has not yet identified and registered many stateless persons (DOS 2017e, 26). Individuals born in Kenya of Nubian, Somali, Shona, or Pemba ethnicity are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. When Madagascar became independent in 1960, its post-independence government permitted only those who had been naturalized as French citizens to register as Malagasy citizens (citizens of Madagascar) (McInerney 2014, 1). Many foreigners residing in Madagascar at the time were rendered stateless (Aikomus 2017; ISI 2017, 35-36). This policy most significantly affected the Karana, a Muslim ethnic group of Indian and Pakistan origin who have resided in Madagascar since before its independence (ISI 2014, 65; McInerney 2014, 183). Some individuals whose ancestors settled in Madagascar from Comoros were also rendered stateless (ISI 2017, 35). In order to obtain Malagasy citizenship, an applicant’s mother or father must be considered Malagasy (McInerney 2014, 183). Until 2017, women could not pass nationality to children, exacerbating the inter-generational transmission of statelessness (Aikomus 2017). While some Karana and ethnic Comorians have been able to naturalize, many remain stateless. Madagascar-born Karana of Indian or Pakistani descent and Madagascar-born individuals of Comorian descent are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. In 2002, the International Court of Justice granted sovereignty to Cameroon over the Bakassi peninsula. In 2006, Nigeria and Cameroon concluded a bilateral agreement under which Cameroon agreed not to force Nigerian citizens living in the Bakassi peninsula to leave it or change their citizenship. The region was formally handed over to Cameroon in 2008 (ISI 2018a, 4; Odinkalu 2012). Although former Nigerian citizens living in Bakassi are theoretically entitled to Cameroonian citizenship, the 2006 agreement does not set forth a procedure for proving entitlement. Many former Nigerian citizens from Bakassi have also migrated to neighboring Nigerian states following Bakassi’s transfer to Cameroon (Odinkalu 2012). It has been difficult to establish recognition of Cameroonian nationality for Bakassi residents who stayed in their homes, and Nigerian nationality for those who moved to the Nigerian side of the border (ISI 2018a, 4). Many lack appropriate documentation to claim either Nigerian or Cameroonian nationality (ibid.). Those born in the Bakassi region of Nigeria or Cameroon are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. Some Zimbabweans descended from farm workers from neighboring countries, particularly Mozambique, Malawi, and Zambia, are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness (Ridderbos 2009, 73). 32