ENDNOTES 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 Kangkan Kalita, ‘Over 1.43 Lakh People Were Declared Foreigners in Assam’, Times of India (10 February 2022) < https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/ over-1-43-lakh-people-were-declared-foreigners-inassam/articleshow/89464774.cms >; Sansrita Bharadwaj, ‘Declared Illegal Immigrants, Detained for 18 Months, Then Found To Be Indian: An Assam Muslim Family’s Trauma’, Article 14 (26 April 2022) < https://article-14. com/post/declared-illegal-immigrants-detained-for-18months-then-found-to-be-indian-an-assam-muslimfamily-s-trauma-6266ffec7522c >. UNHCR, Table 5, (June 2022). Sabin Sherstha and Subin Mulmi, ‘Acquisition of Citizenship Certificate in Nepal: Estimation and Projection’ (June 2016) <https://fwld.org/wp-content/ uploads/2016/06/Acquisition-of-Citizenship-Certificatein-Nepal-Estimation-and-Projection.pdf >; US Department of State, ‘Nepal 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 19. Imkaan Welfare Organisation, Nationality For All and ISI, ‘Joint Submission to the Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review: Pakistan’ 7 (2022) <https://files. institutesi.org/UPR42_Pakistan.pdf >; Zia Ur Rehman, ‘Pakistan Moves Towards Legalising Bengalis and Biharis, not Rohingya’, Geo News (18 October 2017) <https://www. geo.tv/latest/162968-pakistan-to-grant-citizenship-tobengalis-and-biharis-not-rohingyas >. See further, Act for Peace, ‘An Agenda for a Dignified and Sustainable Rohingya Refugee Response in Bangladesh’ (Report, May 2021); Nasir Uddin, ‘The State, Vulnerability, and Transborder Movement: The Rohingya People in Myanmar and Bangladesh’ in N Uddin and N Chowdrey (eds), Deterritorialised Identity and Transborder Movement in South Asia (Springer, 2019); Christopher Faulkner and Samual Schiffer, ‘Unwelcomed? The Effects of Statelessness on Involuntary Refugee Repatriation in Bangladesh and Myanmar’ (2019) 108(2) The Round Table 145; UNHCR, ‘Bangladesh Operational Update: August 2021’ (Report, 30 September 2021); Malang Faye, ‘Forced Migration from Myanmar to Bangladesh and Beyond: Humanitarian Response to Rohingya Refugee Crisis’ (2021) 6(13) Journal of International Humanitarian Action 1. Human Rights Watch, ‘Are We Not Human” Denial of Education for Rohingya Refugee Children in Bangladesh’ (Report, December 2019); Kaamil Ahmed, ‘Like an Open Prison’: A Million Rohingya Refugees Still in Bangladesh Camps Five Years After Crisis’, The Guardian (23 August 2022) <https://www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2022/aug/23/five-years-rohingya-refugees2017-bangladesh-myanmar-military-crackdown >. ‘India: Rohingya Deported to Myanmar Face Danger’, Human Rights Watch (31 March 2022) <https://www. hrw.org/news/2022/03/31/india-rohingya-deportedmyanmar-face-danger >. Shaukat Paracha, ‘400,000 Rohingya Refugees Living in Pakistan, Reveals FO’, Aaj News (20 June 2022) <https:// www.aaj.tv/news/30289869 >. US Department of State, ‘India 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 30. US Department of State, ‘Nepal 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 19. See Hosna J Shewly, ‘Life in De Facto Statelessness in Enclaves in India and Bangladesh’ (2017) 38 Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 108; Eric Paulsen, ‘The Citizenship Status of the Urdu-Speakers/Biharis in Bangladesh’ (2006) 25(3) Refugee Survey Quarterly 54. ENDNOTES 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 US Departnment of State, ‘Bangladesh 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 49. ISI and Verité Research, ‘Hill Country Tamils of Sri Lanka: Towards Meaningful Citizenship’ (Report, August 2019); P. P. Sivapragasam, ‘From Statelessness to Citizenship: Up-country Tamils in Sri Lanka’ in Brad K Blitz and Maureen Lynch (eds) Statelessness and Citizenship: A Comparative Study on the Benefits of Nationality (Elgar, 2011); Valli Kanapathipillai, Citizenship and Statelessness in Sri Lanka: The Case of the Tamil Estate Workers’ (Anthem Press, 2009); Patrick Balazo, ‘Better Must Come: Citizenship and Belonging After Statelessness’ (2019) 1(1) Statelessness and citizenship Review 5; Amita Shastri, ‘Estate Tamils, the Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948 and Sri Lankan Politics’ (1999) 8(1) Contemporary South Asia 65; Chetani Priyanga Wijetunga, ‘Feature: Sri Lanka Makes Citizens Out of Stateless Tea Pickers’ UNHCR (Online, 7 October 2004) < https://www.unhcr.org/en-au/news/ latest/2004/10/416564cd4/feature-sri-lanka-makescitizens-stateless-tea-pickers.html >. UNHCR, Table 5 ( June 2022) See ‘Southeast Asia’ Chapter. Zarwali Khoshnood, ‘Afghanistan’s Marginalized Minority Fights Stateless Status’, Gandhara (Online, 29 June 2015) <https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-mosulijats/27100409.html>; Lima Hadi, Noorullah Shayan and Abubakar Siddique, ‘Jogis: Afghanistan’s Tiny Stateless Minority Strive to Survive Without Rights, Services’, Gandhara (Online, 14 October 2019) <https://gandhara. rferl.org/a/jogis-afghanistan-s-tiny-stateless-minoritystrives-to-survive-without-rights-services/30216120. html>; Khalid Hussain, ‘The End of Bihari Statelessness’ (2009) 32 Forced Migration Review 30; Md Kamrul Hasan Arif, ‘The Status of the Bihari Community in Bangladesh under Domestic and International Law’ (2018) 25 International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 664. The Citizenship Act (1951) s 10 (Bangladesh); The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 10; Constitution of Nepal (2015) s 11; Constitution of Nepal (2015) s 11. Constitution of Nepal (2015) ss 11(2)(b), 11(5). Tufan Neupane and Tika R Pradhan, ‘Statelessness in Nepal’, The Kathmandu Post (3 September 2022) < https:// kathmandupost.com/national/2022/09/03/stateless-innepal >; The Citizenship Act (1951) s 10 (Bangladesh); The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 10; Constitution of Nepal (2015) s 11. Maldivian Citizenship Act (1995) s 2. See also, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, ‘Concluding Observations on the Sixth Periodic Report of Maldives’ UN Doc CEDAW/C/MDV/CO/6 (23 November 2021) [35]–[36]. Maldivian Citizenship Act (1995) s 2. Citizenship Amendment Act (2019) (India). Peter McMullin Centre on Statelessness, ‘Citizenship, Constitutionalism and Civil Liberties: A Briefing Note on Recent Developments in India’ (4 August 2020) <https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0010/3512683/REVISED_Briefing-Note-04August-2020.pdf>; UNHCR, ‘Application for Intervention in Mukharji v Union of India’ (2020); Abhinav Chadrachud, ‘Secularism and the Citizenship Amendment Act’ (2020) 4(2) Indian Law Review 138; Foster, Supra note 96. Rumaisa Khalil Uddin, ‘State-Less? The Harsh Reality of Ethnic Bengalis Living in Pakistan’, Siasat (1 October 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 2021) <https://blog.siasat.pk/ethnic-bengalis-livingin-pakistan/>; Hajira Maryam, ‘Stateless and Helpless: The Plight of Ethnic Bengalis in Pakistan’, Al Jazeera ((29 September 2021) <https://www.aljazeera.com/ features/2021/9/29/stateless-ethnic-bengalis-pakistan>. For further background and explanation of the National Register of Citizens and Foreigners Tribunal process see Supra note 139. Kangkan Kalita, ‘Over 1.43 Lakh People Were Declared Foreigners in Assam’, Times of India (10 February 2022) <https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/over1-43-lakh-people-were-declared-foreigners-in-assam/ articleshow/89464774.cms>. Maximillian Mørch, ‘Bhutan’s Dark Secret: The Lhotshampa Expulsion’ The Diplomat (Online, 21 September 2016) <https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/ bhutans-dark-secret-the-lhotshampa-expulsion/>; ‘Lhotshampas’ Minority Rights (WebPage) < https:// minorityrights.org/minorities/lhotshampas/>. Law on Citizenship of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan (2000) s 12; Constitution of Nepal (2015) s 11(4); Citizenship Act (1948) s 7 (Sri Lanka). Law on Citizenship of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan (2000) s 12. Citizenship Act (1948) s 7 (Sri Lanka). Constitution of Nepal (2015) s 11(4). The Citizenship Act (1951) s 4 (Bangladesh); The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 4. The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 4. Faryal Nazir, ‘Report on Citizenship Law: Pakistan’ (EUDO Citizenship Observatory, 2016) 4-6; ‘Pakistan — Situation of Afghan Refugees’ (European Union Agency for Asylum, May 2022) <https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/ easo/PLib/2022_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Pakistan_ Situation_of_Afghan_refugees.pdf>. United States Department of State, ‘Bhutan 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 10. CEDAW, ‘Concluding Observations on the Third Periodic Report of Afghanistan’ UN Doc CEDAW/C/AFG/CO/3 (10 March 2020) [37]-[38]. FWLD, ‘Acquisition of Citizenship Certificate in Nepal: Understanding Trends, Barriers & Impacts’ (Report, February 2014); Tilak Biswakarma, ‘Citizenship and Social Security of Landless Dalits in Nepal’ (2018) 6 Globe: A Journal of Language, Culture and Communication 52; Uddhab Pyakurel, Reproduction of Inequality and Social Exclusion: A Study of Dalits in a Caste Society, Nepal (Springer, 2021) US Department of State, ‘Nepal 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 20; Supra note 153, 15. Sridhar Acharyulu, ‘Statelessness Stare at One Lakh Sri Lankan Hindus’, The Federal (10 January 2020) <https:// thefederal.com/opinion/statelessness-stares-at-1-lakhsri-lankan-hindus/>. Ridwanul Hoque, ‘Report on Citizenship Law: Bangladesh’ (EUDO Citizenship Observatory, December 2016) 13–14 <https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/44545/ EudoCit_2016_14Bangladesh.pdf>. Ibid, 14. Xari Jalil, ’50 Years of Statelessness: The Bengalis of Macchar Colony’, VoicePK (27 December 2021) <https:// voicepk.net/2021/12/50-years-of-statelessness-thebengalis-of-macchar-colony/>. Imkaan Welfare Organisation, Nationality For All and ISI, ‘Joint Submission to the Human Rights Council Universal 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 Periodic Review: Pakistan’ (2022) <https://files.institutesi. org/UPR42_Pakistan.pdf>. CRC, ‘Concluding Observations on the Combined Third and Fourth Periodic Reports of India’ UN Doc CRC/C/ IND/CO/3-4 (7 July 2014) [43]-[44]; UNHCR, ‘Submission for the OHCHR Compilation Report, UPR: India’ (August 2016) 2. UNICEF, ‘Birth Registration Data Set’ (May 2022), Supra 139. Ibid. Ibid. Musawi: <https://musawi.org/#>. Imkaan Welfare Organisation: <https://www.imkaan. org/>. Laws of Brunei: Brunei Nationality (2011) s 4(1)(a)–(c);Law on Nationality (1996) ss 4(1)–(2) (Cambodia); Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (2006) s 4; Law on Lao Nationality (1990) s 9–10; Burma Citizenship Law (1982) s 3; Constitution of Malaysia (1957) Schedule 2, Part I, s1; The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (1987) s IV(1) (2); Nationality Act (1965) s 7 (Thailand); Law on Citizenship (2002) s 8 (Timor-Leste); Republic of Singapore (1965) s 121–22; Law on Vietnamese Nationality (2008) ss 15_16. Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (2006) s 4; The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (1987) s IV(1) (2); Law on Citizenship (2002) s 8 (Timor-Leste). Law on Lao Nationality (1990) ss 9–10; Constitution of Malaysia (1957) Schedule 2, Part I, s1; Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1965) s 121–22; Law on Vietnamese Nationality (2008) ss 15-16. Constitution of Malaysia (1957) Schedule 2, Part I, s1(1). Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1965) s 121. Laws of Bruni: Brunei Nationality (2011) ss 3, 5(6); Constitution of Malaysia (1957) Schedule 2, Part I, s 15(1); Republic Act No.1939 (2001) ss 11–12 (the Philippines); Nationality Act (1965) ss 9–12 (Thailand); Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1965) s 123. Laws of Brunei: Brunei Nationality (2011) s 4(1)(a). Laws of Brunei: Brunei Nationality (2011) s 4(1)(c) Laws of Brunei: Brunei Nationality (2011) s 4(1)(c). Burma Citizenship Law (1982) s 3 Burma Citizenship Law (1982) s 8. Law on Nationality (1996) s 4(2). Nationality Act (1965) s 7 bis. Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons,1954Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, 1961 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951;‘Protocol relation to the Status of Refugees, 1951’ Refugee Convention and Protocol’). CEDAW, 1979; CRC, 1989. ICESCR, 1966; ICCPR, 1966. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination' United Nations Treaty Collection (Online, 30 September 2021) 1,407,295, UNHCR, Table 5 (June 2022) Ibid. Ibid UNHCR; Nguyen and Sperfledt; Brian Barbour; Flaim, Supra 128 UNHCR, Table 5 (June 2022) Brian Barbour, Supra 90 Ibid at 6. ReImagining Singaporeans, ‘Handbook on Statelessness in Singapore’ (2021) <https://uploadsssl.webflow.com/6048c7668bee242c7eaba77f/ 74 75 STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC REPORT 2023