involved women’s groups and camp chairmen who educational material via social media, adapt the had been seen as ‘neutral’ in the POC clashes and physical spaces of ambulances and hospital were multiple entryways to protect staff and patients from constituencies in multiple languages. They had infections, and reinforce referral systems to developed good relations with some NGOs who transfer patients when the main hospital inside had agreed to provide outreach services to the the camp becomes overwhelmed. Each of these new settlement. Through these interactions, issues have been recognised to affect people and Mangateen’s leaders were able to disseminate systems inside and outside the camp and the information about the symptoms that some of the innovations adopted are being translated as much first cases of COVID-19 in the country were feeling as possible across systems. good communicators with --such as losing a sense of smell75 and feeling a swelling in the chest76-- and they continue to advocate for services for the settlement. Going remote with disease management and Responding to hunger: In both Uganda and support: Health services addressing chronic Lebanon, refugee-led organisations have helped conditions which involve long-term relationships fill gaps in state and humanitarian social between providers and patients have been protection by identifying vulnerable households in particularly targeted for remote management need of emergency food relief, advocating to their during the COVID-19 pandemic. A key challenge networks to help fund relief and procuring and encountered when ‘going remote’78 in insecure distributing food. In Uganda, three months into settings such as Somalia, South Sudan, Iraq and the lockdown, less than 10% of urban refugee Syria has been the tendency to lose sight of households had been reached with emergency realities on the ground including an awareness of cash by UNHCR because of a lack of funding and the power relations affecting access to services, as means to reach refugees outside of settlements.32 well as the risk of overburdening in-country local Refugee-led organisations have assisted UNHCR partners who also bear high security risks.79 Efforts verification exercises in urban areas and used their by one international NGO to offer physical visibility in the Global Refugee-Led Network to rehabilitation services via video link for Syrian advocate for more rapid responses. Though refugees in Turkey have therefore focused on modest in scale, RLOs have also mounted their simplifying standard operating procedures and own emergency food distributions using funds creating transparent patient selection approaches. collected from individuals, INGOs and some donor Agencies are also building on community models support. In the Palestinian refugee spaces of of care to deliver drugs through peer or patient Lebanon and Jordan, there is a sense that groups.80 This approach relies on peer groups to enduring hardship has created a sense of identify and help solve ongoing social, medical and communal trust and preparedness for COVID-19.9 logistical challenges their members face. It has To a certain extent, solidarity is being claimed as been presented as an option to enable individuals at high-risk of developing complications of COVID- KEY CONSIDERATIONS: COVID-19 AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND EAST AFRICA Contact: a.wilkinson@ids.ac.uk 16