$WWKH¿UVWOHYHOEDUULHUVWRFLWL]HQVKLSVWDWXV
DQG LWV H[HUFLVH DPRXQW WR H[FOXVLRQ LQ DQ LQVWUXPHQWDOVHQVH&LWL]HQVKLSVWDWXVIDFLOLWDWHVWKHHQMR\PHQW RI RWKHU SXEOLF JRRGV WKURXJK WKH SURYLVLRQRIULJKWVDQGHQWLWOHPHQWV,IWKH6WDWHYLRODWHV
RUIDLOVWRIXO¿ORUSHUIRUPLWVREOLJDWLRQVFLWL]HQVKLS DOORZV IRU LQVWLWXWLRQDO DFFHVV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ
DQG UHGUHVV 7KXV FLWL]HQVKLS LV D meta SXEOLF
JRRGVLQFHFLWL]HQVKLSVWDWXVDOORZVLQGLYLGXDOVDQG
JURXSVWRH[HUFLVHPRVWRWKHUIXQFWLRQDOLWLHVZLWKLQ
WKH PHDQLQJ DGRSWHG E\ WKH ,;5V &RQVHTXHQWO\
DFWXDOGHQLDORUGHSULYDWLRQRIFLWL]HQVKLSUHVXOWVLQ
H[FOXVLRQIURPSXEOLFJRRGV
7KH6WDWH¶VGHQLDORUGHSULYDWLRQRIFLWL]HQVKLS
DPRXQWV WR H[FOXVLRQ LQ D QRQLQVWUXPHQWDO VHQVH
DV ZHOO &LWL]HQVKLS VWDWXV IRUPV DQ LPSRUWDQW DVSHFWRIZKDWSROLWLFDOSKLORVRSKHU-RKQ5DZOVFDOOV
WKH µVRFLDO EDVHV RI VHOIUHVSHFW¶ ,Q KLV YLHZ D
MXVWSROLWLFDOV\VWHPPXVWJXDUDQWHHVHOIUHVSHFWRU
VHOIHVWHHPRILQGLYLGXDOVEHFDXVHWKLVHOHPHQWRI
GLJQLW\LVFHQWUDOIRUDSHUVRQWROHDGDJRRGOLIH
)RU5DZOVWKLVFDQRQO\EHGRQHLIWKHMXVWVRFLHW\
JXDUDQWHHVHTXDOFLWL]HQVKLSWRHYHU\RQHDVDUHFRJQLWLRQRIHYHU\RQH¶VVWDWXVDVDQHTXDOO\GLJQL¿HG
SHUVRQ 5DZOV S 1 0DUWKD 1XVVEDXP
VXEVHTXHQWO\LQFOXGHGµVRFLDOEDVHVRIVHOIUHVSHFW¶
LQKHUOLVWRIFRUHFDSDELOLWLHV 1XVVEDXPS
&LWL]HQVKLS HQFDSVXODWHV WKH PXWXDO UHFRJQLWLRQ DPRQJ WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ WKDW
HDFK RI WKHP HTXDOO\ EHORQJV WR WKH FRPPXQLW\
DQGWKXVGHVHUYHVHTXDOUHVSHFW'HQLDORUGHSULYDWLRQ RI FLWL]HQVKLS LV HVVHQWLDOO\ D GHFODUDWLRQ WKDW
WKHLQGLYLGXDO¶VFODLPWKDWVKHGHVHUYHVUHVSHFWDV
DQ HTXDO PHPEHU RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ LV EHLQJ UHMHFWHG 7KXV FLWL]HQVKLS LV DOVR D SXEOLF JRRG LQ
DQRQLQVWUXPHQWDOVHQVHEHFDXVHLWLVDFDSDELOLW\
ZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJDGRSWHGE\WKH,;5VIRUSHRSOH
WROLYHDOLIHRIGLJQLW\
+DQQDK $UHQGW KDV DUWLFXODWHG DQRWKHU FRPSHOOLQJ YDULDWLRQ RI WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ FLWL]HQVKLS DQG KXPDQ GLJQLW\$FFRUGLQJ WR$UHQGW
KXPDQGLJQLW\LVSRVVLEOHRQO\ZKHQDSHUVRQLVD
6HHDOVR&RKHQ-RVKXD )RUD'HPRFUDWLF6RFLHW\
,Q )UHHPDQ 6 HG The Cambridge Companion to
Rawls &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV S
PHPEHU RI D SROLWLFDO FRPPXQLW\ +XPDQ GLJQLW\
LVWKHUHVXOWRIRWKHUPHPEHUVRIWKHSROLW\UHFRJQL]LQJWKHLQGLYLGXDO¶VVWDWXVDQGDELOLW\WREHDIUHH
DJHQW&RQVHTXHQWO\IRU$UHQGWZKHQDQ\SHUVRQ
LVEHUHIWRIFLWL]HQVKLSVKHLVVWULSSHGRIKXPDQLW\
LWVHOI7KLVOHGKHUWRODPHQWWKDWZLWKRXWµWKHULJKW
WRKDYHULJKWV¶²WKHULJKWWREHSDUWRIVRPHSROLWLFDOFRPPXQLW\DVDFLWL]HQ²KXPDQGLJQLW\FRXOG
QRW EH JXDUDQWHHG IRU HYHU\RQH SS ±
,QWHUQDWLRQDOODZUHFRJQL]HVWKLVFHQWUDOLW\RI
FLWL]HQVKLSDVDKXPDQULJKWDVLQGLFDWHGE\$UWLFOH
RI WKH 8QLYHUVDO 'HFODUDWLRQ RI +XPDQ 5LJKWV
WKDWGHFODUHVWKDWHYHU\RQHKDVDULJKWWRQDWLRQDOLW\ DQG QR RQH FDQ EH DUELWUDULO\ GHSULYHG RI KHU
QDWLRQDOLW\,QWKLVVHQVHGHQLDODQGGHSULYDWLRQRI
FLWL]HQVKLSLVDSURIRXQGH[FOXVLRQEHFDXVHLWPD\
UHQGHUDSHUVRQVWDWHOHVVDQGZLWKRXWDQ\SROLWLFDO
PHPEHUVKLSDQGWKXVFRPSURPLVHKHUGLJQLW\DOWRJHWKHU
7KHDSSUHFLDWLRQRIFLWL]HQVKLSDVDSXEOLFJRRG
UHYHDOVWKDWWKH6WDWHPXVWVHFXUHWKHJXDUDQWHHRI
VWDWXVWKURXJKOHJDODQGLQVWLWXWLRQDOPHDQV,WPXVW
QRWVXEMHFWDSHUVRQ¶VFLWL]HQVKLSVWDWXVWRDUELWUDU\
WDUJHWLQJ,WPXVWDOVRFUHDWHDWUDQVSDUHQWOHJDODUFKLWHFWXUHLQFDVHWKHLVVXHRIFLWL]HQVKLSYHUL¿FDWLRQDQGDXWKHQWLFDWLRQDULVHV,WDOVRIROORZVWKDWD
SHUVRQPXVWQRWEHVXEMHFWHGWRDUELWUDU\DQGRYHUO\
GHPDQGLQJHQTXLULHVDERXWWKHLUFLWL]HQVKLSVWDWXV
$UELWUDU\ TXHVWLRQLQJ RI VRPHRQH¶V FLWL]HQVKLS²
SDUWLFXODUO\LQWKHDEVHQFHRIWUDQVSDUHQWIDLUDQG
UHDVRQDEOH LQVWLWXWLRQDO SURFHGXUHV²ZRXOG LQWURGXFH VHYHUH XQFHUWDLQW\ LQ KHU OLIH HVSHFLDOO\
FRQVLGHULQJWKHVHULRXVFRQVHTXHQFHVRIWKHORVVRI
FLWL]HQVKLS/HJDOSURFHVVHVFDQPDNHFLWL]HQVKLS
SUHFDULRXVE\PDNLQJLWFRQWLQJHQWRQDUELWUDU\RI¿FLDOGLVFUHWLRQDQGZKLP3UHFDULRXVFLWL]HQVDUH
FRPSHOOHG WR LQYHVW DOO WKHLU KXPDQ DQG PDWHULDO
UHVRXUFHVWRSUHVHUYLQJWKHLUVWDWXVDQGWKLVGLYHUWV
WKHPIURPDFKLHYLQJDQ\RWKHUSXEOLFJRRG7KXV
SURFHVVHVWKDWHQJHQGHUSUHFDULRXVFLWL]HQVKLSVXVSHQGQRUPDOOLYHVDOWRJHWKHU7KXVH[FOXVLRQIURP
FLWL]HQVKLS DV D SXEOLF JRRG LV WULJJHUHG QRW RQO\
ZKHQDSHUVRQLVGHMXUH RUHYHQGHIDFWR GHQLHG
RUGHSULYHGRIFLWL]HQVKLS,WLVDOVRWULJJHUHGZKHQ
FLWL]HQVKLSVWDWXVLVWKUHDWHQHGE\XQIDLUDQGDUELWUDU\SURFHGXUHV7KH\DPRXQWWRLQGLUHFWH[FOXVLRQ
Indian Exclusion Report
|
190
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3718512