Source: GAGE Bangladesh (2024); UNICEF Bangladesh (2025); Save the Children (2025). 4.4 Statelessness as Structural Violence Galtung's (1969) structural violence framework — harm embedded in institutions rather than direct acts — unifies these dimensions. The 2017 genocide was the catastrophic culmination of 35 years during which structural violence operated continuously through the normal functioning of Myanmar's legal architecture. Every child denied school enrollment, every adult denied work authorization, every family denied legal title: not isolated acts but the systematic functioning of a legal system designed to produce exactly this outcome. "I was born in Myanmar, but I am not a citizen. My parents were born there, and their parents before them. We cannot go to school. We cannot work. We cannot travel. We cannot even be buried in our own land without someone questioning our right to be there. Statelessness is not just a word. It is a prison with no walls — because the walls are inside every document that says you do not exist." — Rohingya elder (female), Roots of Arakan oral history interview, Cox's Bazar, 2025 5. Refugee-Led Governance as Self-Determination: The Rohingya Youth Union-RYU 5.1 Institutional Architecture — Table 5 The Rohingya Youth Union was founded in 2025 on the recognition that no external institution can provide what a community-led organization provides: relational trust, cultural knowledge, and the legitimacy of shared experience. Table 5 documents RYU governance infrastructure that compares favorably with formally registered civil society organizations in high-income contexts — a remarkable achievement for an organization operating in one of the most constrained humanitarian environments globally. Cornell and Kalt (2000) find governance 10