Preventing and Addressing Statelessness 123 independent human rights institutions, may be used to prevent and address statelessness. 3.2.1 Ratification of Other Key International Human Rights Instruments and Legislative Measures With regards to preventing and addressing cases of statelessness, an important step would be ratification of the 1954 and 1961 Conventions31 by those States which have yet to ratify. This may of course necessitate reform of domestic legislation, particularly laws governing the granting of nationality. 3.2.2 Collection and Analysis of Disaggregated Data and Documentation of Case Studies While the complexity and challenges of international surrogacy cases have been highlighted from time to time in the media or debated before the courts, comprehensive data about the real scale of the practice as well as the outcomes for children concerned is sorely lacking. The European Parliament (EP) and HCCH Secretariat have started to map current State policy and practices, but there is a need for better data collection at the national level in order to assist both with identification of cases as well as the formulation of responses to this relatively new phenomenon. A recent EP study32 found an increasing prevalence of surrogacy in the European Union (EU), but also confirmed that there is only limited data available and a need to improve systems to routinely record relevant information across all EU Member States. The EP study also calls for further empirical and qualitative research to inform policy and legislative work in this area. 3.2.3 Clear Accountability and Co-ordination Mechanisms General Comment No 5 also makes the case for strategic concerted efforts, notably national action plans, as well as clear accountabilities and coordination mechanisms. Similarly, UNHCR recommends the creation of specific stateless determination procedures,33 which could assist States to 31 32 33 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (adopted 30 August 1961; entered into force 13 December 1975) 989 UNTS 175 (1961 Convention) <http://www.refworld.org/ docid/3ae6b39620.html> accessed 16 September 2013. European Parliament, A Comparative Study on the Regime of Surrogacy in EU Member States (European Parliament 2013) <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/delegations/en/ studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=93673> accessed on 15 September 2013. UNHCR ‘Guidelines on Statelessness No. 2: Procedures for Determining whether an Individual is a Stateless Person’ (5 April 2012) HCR/GS/12/02 <http://www.refworld.org/ docid/4f7dafb52.html> accessed 16 September 2013. tilburg law review 19 (2014) 117-126