Regional Overview Regional Overview Country Philippines Singapore Statute for Digital ID system (yes/no) ✅ ⛔ Statute details (if any) Other laws governing digital ID Available grievance mechanism Country Philippine Civil-registration laws; General administrative com- Australia Identification Data Privacy Act and relat- plaint mechanisms System Act (RA ed regulations governing 11055, 2018) PhilSys data processing Fiji – Statute for Digital ID system (yes/no) ✅ ⛔ Statute details (if any) Other laws governing digital ID Available grievance mechanism Digital ID Act Privacy Act and related Multi-stakeholder governance 2024 data-governance laws; and complaint pathways under e-government statutes; the Digital ID Act plus priva- Digital ID data standards cy-regulator oversight Civil-registration and General administrative complaint mechanisms – National Registration Act; General administrative com- identity laws; digital-gov- Personal Data Protection plaint mechanisms ernment strategies; Digital Act; digital-government ID planning documents legislation underpinning Guam Singpass / NDI Thailand ⛔ – Civil-registration and General administrative com- national-ID laws; Digital plaint mechanisms ⛔ – U.S. federal and territorial General administrative com- identity and e-government plaint routes under U.S./territo- laws; no separate digital-ID rial system statute identified ⛔ Civil-registration laws; General administrative com- Agency legislation under- digital-government / ICT plaint mechanisms pinning ThaID / DGA strategies laying ground- Kiribati Government Development – work for future digital ID Timor-Leste ⛔ Unique ID Civil-registration frame- General administrative com- Marshall Strategy and work; digital-government plaint mechanisms; system still Islands Dalan ba Dig- strategies and Unique ID under development ital are policy Strategic Plan Civil-registration laws; General administrative com- digital-government / ICT plaint mechanisms ID statute ✅ – strategies for future digital frameworks; no Vietnam ⛔ Micronesia Law on Identity Electronic-transactions and General administrative com- No. 26/2023/ data-protection framework QH15 (in force governing ID cards and 1 July 2024) VNeID ⛔ – Civil-registration and General administrative com- identity laws; limited ICT plaint mechanisms framework; no operational digital-ID statute identified plaint mechanisms Nauru ⛔ – Civil-registration and iden- General administrative com- tity laws; ICT strategies; plaint mechanisms digital-ID development SUB REGION - THE PACIFIC American Samoa ⛔ strategies – U.S. federal and territorial General administrative com- identity and e-government plaint routes under U.S./territo- laws; no separate digital-ID rial system statute identified New Zealand ✅ Digital Identity Privacy Act and related Complaints via accredited pro- Services Trust statutes; e-government viders and the Privacy Commis- Framework Act laws; trust-framework rules sioner; statutory oversight of 2023 for accredited providers the trust framework 38 39 STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC THIRD EDITION - REGIONAL OVERVIEW REPORT 2026