This report examines statelessness under international and Canadian law, noting its global scope and causes, including discrimination, secession, complex nationality laws, and lack of birth registration. Despite international treaties — the 1954 and 1961 Statelessness Conventions — Canada provides little protection for stateless persons, leaving many without legal status, access to services, or security from removal. The study reviews data collection by key Canadian agencies through access to information requests and interviews, finding that although limited progress has been made since a 2012 UNHCR report, overall practices remain inadequate