Lack of Certification Closely related to the use of a formal curriculum is the issue of certification — whether children who complete levels of schooling then receive documentation that would be recognized by the host country or their country of origin, and would allow them to continue to higher levels. Certification of schooling is a minimum standard for education in humanitarian emergencies. The Inter-Agency Network on Education in Emergencies states, In emergency contexts through to recovery, it is important that national authorities, educational institutions and employers recognise curricula and the certificates awarded. Communities want to know that their children’s education has value and that national authorities recognise that value. Rohingya children and teachers had different opinions about whether it was more desirable to be certified under the Bangladeshi or Myanmar systems. But at present, no education that Rohingya children complete in Bangladesh is certified. The government of Bangladesh did not certify the education Rohingya children received at learning centers before the informal education program was introduced, and has not indicated that it will certify their education under the informal program. As a result, Rohingya students who attend GIEP classes will not be able to transfer into the education system of Bangladesh, Myanmar, or any other country, or to sit for national examinations.+53 There is no possibility that their education in the camps could be used to continue to study or to gain employment. “Certification is important — that they get some kind of recognition, something useable,” Abul Kalam, the then-Refugee Relief and Repatriation Commissioner told Human Rights Watch in February 2019.4 But he added that the issue was beyond his control. “It needs to be approved at Dhaka level.”155 152 Inter-Agency Network on Education in Emergencies, “Minimum Standards for Education: Preparedness, Response, Recovery,” 2012, p. 76, https://inee.org/system/files/resources/INEE_Minimum_Standards_Handbook_2010%28HSP%29_EN.pdf (accessed September 4, 2019). 153 In Bangladesh, national examinations are required for acceptance to secondary school (from class 9 to 10), upper secondary school (class 11 and 12), and a secondary school matriculation certification exam is required for enrollment in university. 154 Abul Kalam was removed from his position as RRRC by the government on August 25, 2019, shortly after some Bangladeshi media outlets and political figures criticized authorities for permitting Rohingya refugees to hold a large, peaceful demonstration in the Cox’s Bazar camps to commemorate their forced displacement, and because no Rohingya 45 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH | DECEMBER 2019