Given the immense barriers to socio-economic attainment of persons who are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness, it comes as little surprise that they participate in the labor force at relatively low rates and are more likely to be unemployed than the overall population. Of those employed, many work in less-skilled occupations. The top 10 occupations of potentially stateless persons aged 16 or over are in Table 2 below. Table 2: Top Occupations of Those Who Are Potentially Stateless or Potentially at Risk of Statelessness Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Occupation Cashiers Maids and housekeeping cleaners Janitors and building cleaners Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators Packers and packagers, hand Cooks Personal care aides Miscellaneous production workers, including semiconductor processors Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers Number 5,066 4,853 3,669 3,640 3,639 3,595 3,355 3,063 2,666 2,560 Source: CMS calculations based on 2013-2017 5 Year PUMS data Persons who are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness earn less than the US average. Over the 2013 to 2017 period, their average annual personal income was $17,629, significantly lower than average annual personal income for the remainder of the population, $38,415, during the same period.61 Such persons may face particular difficulties in adjusting to LPR status in the United States, given the recent release of a rule that significantly expands the standard for inadmissibility, including low income, based on likelihood of becoming a “public charge.” About 80 percent of those who are potentially stateless and potentially at-risk reported having health insurance coverage. Finally, 40,800 people or 20.6 percent of all US residents identified by CMS as potentially stateless 61 These differences are significant at the 99 percent level, as indicated by adjusted Wald tests carried out on weighted ACS data. 58