40 1 PROTECTING STATELESS PERSONS FROM ARBITRARY DETENTION Introductory note, p 3. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted 1951) Resolution 2198 (XXI) 116 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UNHCR’s Guidelines on Applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Alternatives to Detention (2012) 117 Association for the Prevention of Torture (APT), International Detention Coalition (IDC) and UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Monitoring Immigration Detention, Practical Manual (2014) 118 Al-Nashif v Bulgaria [2002] Application no 50963/99 (ECtHR), para 114 119 Ibid, para 116 120 Kanagaratnam and others v Belgium [2011] Application no 15297/09 (ECtHR) 121 Council of Europe (CoE), Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (adopted 2005) 122 Council of Europe (CoE), European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted 2002) 123 European Union (EU), Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals (EU Returns Directive) L 348/98 (2008) 124 European Union (EU), laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (recast) (Reception Conditions Directive) 2013/33/ EU (2013) 125 European Union (EU), Council Directive 2004/81/EC of 29 April 2004 on the residence permit issued to third-country nationals who are victims of trafficking in human beings or who have been the subject of an action to facilitate illegal immigration, who cooperate with the competent authorities (2004) 126 European Union (EU), Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals (EU Returns Directive) L 348/98 (2008), para 8 127 Ibid, para 9 128 European Union (EU), Council Directive 2005/85/EC of 1 December 2005 on minimum standards on procedures in Member States for granting and withdrawing refugee status (2005) 129 International Detention Coalition (IDC), There are Alternatives: A Handbook for preventing unnecessary immigration detention (2011), p 57 130 The Equal Rights Trust (ERT), ERT Guidelines to Protect Stateless Persons from Arbitrary Detention (2012) 131 A v Australia [1997] Communication No 560/1993 (HRC) UN Doc CCPR/C/59/D/560/1993, para 9(4) 132 C v Australia [1999] Communication No 900/1999 (HRC) UN Doc CCPR/C/76/D/900/1999, para 8(2) 133 FKGA v Australia [2011] Communication No 2094/2011 (HRC) UN Doc CCPR/C/108/D/2094/2011, para 9(3) 134 UN Human Rights Council (HRC), Report of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention to the Human Rights Council, 13th Session (2010), A/ HRC/13/30, para 61 135 UN Human Rights Council (HRC), Report of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention to the Human Rights Council, 27th Session (2014), A/ HRC/27/48, para 77 136 Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights. Administrative Detention of Migrants, p 4 137 Ibid, p 9 138 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Guidelines on the Applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Alternatives to Detention (2012) 139 Auad v Bulgaria [2011] Application no 46390/10 (ECtHR), para 128; the Court refers to its decision in Saadi v United Kingdom [2008] Application no 13229/03 (ECtHR), para 74 140 Ibid, para 128 the Court refers to its Osman v the United Kingdom and Gordyeyev v Poland decisions 141 Mikolenko v Estonia [2010] Application no 10664/05 (ECtHR), para 50 142 Ibid, para 63 143 Ibid, para 65 144 Kim v Russia [2014] Application no 44260/13 (ECtHR), para 56 145 Bashir Mohamed Ali Mahdi case [2014] Case C146/14 PPU (ECJ), para 62 146 Saïd Shamilovich Kadzoev v Direktsia Migratsia’ pri Ministerstvo na vatreshnite raboti [2009] Case C-357/09 (ECJ), para 69 147 Ibid, para 54 148 International Detention Coalition (IDC), There are Alternatives: A Handbook for preventing unnecessary immigration detention (2011), p 48 149 The Equal Rights Trust (ERT), ERT Guidelines to Protect Stateless Persons from Arbitrary Detention (2012) 115 International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), Migration and International Human Rights Law, a Practitioner’s Guide (2014), p 186 151 Ibid, p 192 152 UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), ICCPR General Comment no 20, Article 7 (Prohibition of Torture, or Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment) Forty-fourth session (1992), para 11 153 Ibid, para 6 154 UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), ICCPR General Comment no 21: Article 10 (Humane Treatment of Persons Deprived of Their Liberty) (1992), para 2 155 UN General Assembly (UNGA), Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted 1984) UNTS 1465 156 See also Article 12 of the Protocol in this regard 157 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted 2002) A/RES/57/199 158 See also Article 19(a) of the Protocol 159 UN General Assembly (UNGA), Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (1988) Resolution A/ RES/43/173 160 UN Human Rights Council (HRC), Report of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention to the Human Rights Council, 27th Session (2014), A/ HRC/27/48, para 77 161 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UNHCR’s Revised Guidelines on Applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers (1999), p 9 162 Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR), Administrative Detention of Migrants, p 12 163 Association for the Prevention of Torture (APT), International Detention Coalition (IDC) and UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Monitoring Immigration Detention, Practical Manual (2014) 164 Council of Europe, European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) (adopted 1950) 165 MSS v Belgium and Greece [2011] Application no 30696/09 (ECtHR), para 221 166 Ibid, para 233 167 A and Others v the United Kingdom [2009] Application no 3455/05 (ECtHR), para 128 168 Mikolenko v Estonia [2010] Application no 10664/05 (ECtHR), para 60 169 European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT), European CPT Standards (rev. 2015), p 54 170 European Union (EU), Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals (EU Returns Directive) L 348/98 (2008) 171 International Detention Coalition (IDC), There are Alternatives: A Handbook for preventing unnecessary immigration detention (2011), p 48-49 172 International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), Migration and International Human Rights Law, a Practitioner’s Guide (2014), p 196 173 Ibid, p 198 174 The Equal Rights Trust (ERT), ERT Guidelines to Protect Stateless Persons from Arbitrary Detention (2012) 175 Celepli v Sweden [1994] Communication No 456/1991 (HRC) UN Doc CCPR/C/51/D/456/1991, para 9(2) 176 Association for the Prevention of Torture (APT), International Detention Coalition (IDC) and UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Monitoring Immigration Detention, Practical Manual (2014) 177 Amie and Others v Bulgaria [2013] Application no 58149/08 (ECtHR), para 77 178 Kim v Russia [2014] Application no 44260/13 (ECtHR), para 41 179 Ibid, para 73 -74 180 Okonkwo v Austria [2001] Application no 35117/97 (ECtHR), p 4 181 Mikolenko v Estonia [2010] Application no 10664/05 (ECtHR), para 65 182 European Union (EU), Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals (EU Returns Directive) L 348/98 (2008) 183 Saïd Shamilovich Kadzoev v Direktsia Migratsia’ pri Ministerstvo na vatreshnite raboti [2009] Case C-357/09 (ECJ), para 72(6) 184 Bashir Mohamed Ali Mahdi case [2014] Case C146/14 PPU (ECJ), para 59 185 International Detention Coalition (IDC), There are Alternatives: A Handbook for preventing unnecessary immigration detention (2011), p 48 186 Global Detention Project (GDP), Spain Country Profile (2013) 187 Global Detention Project (GDP), Ukraine Detention Profile (2012) 188 The Equal Rights Trust (ERT), ERT Guidelines to Protect Stateless Persons from Arbitrary Detention (2012) 150