A REGIONAL TOOLKIT FOR PRACTITIONERS 1 39 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 of the Council of 16 December 2008 on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals (EU Returns Directive) L 348/98 (2008) Bashir Mohamed Ali Mahdi case [2014] Case C146/14 PPU (ECJ), para 44 Ibid, para 61 Ibid, Para 44 Saïd Shamilovich Kadzoev v Direktsia Migratsia’ pri Ministerstvo na vatreshnite raboti [2009] Case C-357/09 (ECJ), para 60 Ibid, para 44 Ibid, para 72(5) International Detention Coalition (IDC), There are Alternatives: A Handbook for preventing unnecessary immigration detention (2011), p 45 Ibid, p 9 International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), Migration and International Human Rights Law, a Practitioner’s Guide (2014), p 179 Ibid, p 187 Ibid, p 192 The Equal Rights Trust (ERT), ERT Guidelines to Protect Stateless Persons from Arbitrary Detention (2012) M Flynn, ‘Immigration Detention and Proportionality’ Global Detention Project Working Paper No. 4 (2011) C v Australia [1999] Communication No 900/1999 (HRC) UN Doc CCPR/C/76/D/900/1999, para 8(3) UN Human Rights Council (HRC), Report of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention to the Human Rights Council, 13th Session (2010), A/ HRC/13/30, para 61 UN General Assembly (UNGA), Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (1988) Resolution A/ RES/43/173 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons (2014), para 114 A and Others v the United Kingdom [2009] Application no 3455/05 (ECtHR), para 202 Al-Nashif v Bulgaria [2002] Application no 50963/99 (ECtHR), para 92 Kim v Russia [2014] Application no 44260/13 (ECtHR), para 41 Ibid, para 42 European Union (EU), Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals (EU Returns Directive) L 348/98 (2008) Saïd Shamilovich Kadzoev v Direktsia Migratsia’ pri Ministerstvo na vatreshnite raboti [2009] Case C-357/09 (ECJ), para 50 Bashir Mohamed Ali Mahdi case [2014] Case C146/14 PPU (ECJ), para 44 International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), Migration and International Human Rights Law, a Practitioner’s Guide (2014), p 180 International Detention Coalition (IDC), There are Alternatives: A Handbook for preventing unnecessary immigration detention (2011), p 46 I Majcher, ‘“Crimmigration” in the European Union through the Lens of Immigration Detention’ Global Detention Project Working Paper No 6 (2013) The Equal Rights Trust (ERT), ERT Guidelines to Protect Stateless Persons from Arbitrary Detention (2012) UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons (2014), para 41 For a reflection on this difficult area, see ENS blog, A de Chickera, A question of if and when, 22 May 2014 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons (2014), para 83 Ibid, para 89 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UNHCR’s Guidelines on Applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Alternatives to Detention (2012) UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Mapping Statelessness in the United Kingdom (UNHCR, 2011) Abdi v the United Kingdom [2013] Application no 27770/08 (ECtHR), para 55 Auad v Bulgaria [2011] Application no 46390/10 (ECtHR), para 106 See TI v the United Kingdom [2000] Application no 43844/98 (ECtHR); KRS v the United Kingdom [2008] Application no 32733/08 (ECtHR); Abdolkhani and Karimnia v Turkey [2009] Application no 30471/08 (ECtHR), para 88; Babar Ahmad and Others v United Kingdom [2012] Applications nos 24027/07, 11949/08, 36742/08, 66911/09 and 67354/09 (ECtHR), paras 113116; MSS v Belgium and Greece [2011] Application no 30696/09 (ECtHR), paras 33861; Abdi v the United Kingdom [2013] Application no 27770/08 (ECtHR) Amie and Others v Bulgaria [2013] Application no 58149/08 (ECtHR), para 77 Kim v Russia [2014] Application no 44260/13 (ECtHR), para 47 Ibid, para 49, 51 and 56 Harabi v Netherlands [1985] application No 10798/84 (EComHR) 84 European Union (EU), Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals (EU Returns Directive) L 348/98 (2008), para 6 85 The Equal Rights Trust (ERT), ERT Guidelines to Protect Stateless Persons from Arbitrary Detention (2012) 86 Flemish Refugee Action (Belgium), Detention Action (UK), France terre d’asile (France), Menedék – Hungarian Association for Migrants, and The European council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE), ‘Point of No Return: the Futile Detention of Unreturnable Migrants’ (2014) 87 Bail for Immigration Detainees (BID), ‘Travel Document Project’ (2015) 88 FKGA v Australia [2011] Communication No 2094/2011 (HRC) UN Doc CCPR/C/108/D/2094/2011, para 9(3) 89 UN General Assembly (UNGA), Res 63/184 ‘Protection of migrants’ (2008) A/RES/63/184, para 9 90 UN Human Rights Council (HRC), Report of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention to the Human Rights Council, 13th Session (2010), A/ HRC/13/30, para 65 91 UN Human Rights Council (HRC), Report of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention to the Human Rights Council, 27th Session (2014), A/ HRC/27/48, para 77 92 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Guidelines on the Applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Alternatives to Detention (2012), p 10 93 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ‘Options Paper 1: Options for governments on care arrangements and alternatives to detention for children and families’ (2015) and UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ‘Options Paper 2: Options for governments on open reception and alternatives to detention’ (2015) 94 Ibid, ‘Options Paper 2’ 95 Human Rights Council (HRC), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, François Crépeau (2012) A/HRC/20/24, para 52 96 UN Human Rights Council (HRC), Report of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention to the Human Rights Council, 13th Session (2010), A/ HRC/13/30, para 53 97 Council of Europe (CoE), Twenty Guidelines on Forced Return (2005) 98 Guzzardi v Italy [1980] Application no 7367/76 (ECtHR), para 93 99 European Union (EU), laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (recast) (Reception Conditions Directive) 2013/33/ EU (2013), para 20 100 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UNHCR Comments on the European Commission’s amended recast proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council laying down standards for the reception of asylum-seekers COM (2011) 320 final (2011), p 9 101 International Detention Coalition (IDC), There are Alternatives: A Handbook for preventing unnecessary immigration detention (2011), p 12 102 Ibid, p 20 103 Ibid, p 21-22 104 P De Bruycker, (Ed) A Bloomfield, E Tsourdi, and J Pétin, Alternatives to Immigration and Asylum Detention in the EU -Time for Implementation. Odysseus Network. MADE REAL Project (2015) 105 The Equal Rights Trust (ERT), ERT Guidelines to Protect Stateless Persons from Arbitrary Detention (2012) 106 Bakhtiyari v Australia [2003] Communication No 1069/2002 (HRC) UN Doc CCPR/C/79/D/1069/2002, para 9(3) 107 Ibid, para 9(6) 108 UN Human Rights Council (HRC), Report of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention to the Human Rights Council, 13th Session (2010), A/ HRC/13/30, para 60 109 UN General Assembly (UNGA), United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty (1990) Resolution A/RES/45/113, para 17 110 Ibid, para 18 111 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons (2014), para 113 112 Ibid, para 151 113 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking (2002) E/2002/68/ Add.1 114 Article 8(1), United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime (Palermo Protocol) (adopted 2000) A/ RES/55/25 82 83