d) Sudan/South Sudan: Contested nationality after partition risked statelessness. Darfur's conflict (from 2003) generated 2.5 million IDPs;41 many Darfurians felt their marginalization by Khartoum's Arab-dominated regime was a continuation of chronic statelessness and discrimination, fueling rebellion. Ethnic conflicts in Southern Sudan (before and after independence) were likewise entangled with citizenship issues among cross-border tribes. e) Mozambique: The current insurgency in Cabo Delgado (N. Mozambique) has displaced over 800,000 people. While this conflict’s drivers are complex (economic and Islamist), displaced Muslim communities (often marginalized by Christian-majority state) face both statelessness risks and recruitment by insurgents. These cases suggest that displacement and statelessness are more than byproducts of conflict: they can become structural drivers when grievances of the uprooted are unaddressed. Conversely, research also shows that well-managed refugee situations can spur local development: one study found that, over time, refugee camps boosted the built-up areas of host communities, indicating potential "win-win" outcomes.42 The key is how policies channel migration and citizenship issues – toward peace or conflict. 5. Legal and Policy Interventions Given the above, robust legal and policy measures are needed at multiple levels: a) Prevention of Displacement: Address root causes (conflict resolution, human rights, climate adaptation). Strengthening inclusive governance (citizenship equality, rule of law) prevents crises that displace people. For statelessness, reforms to nationality laws (e.g., granting jus soli or removing discriminatory clauses) prevent new statelessness.43 b) Protection of Refugees and IDPs: Ensure legal safeguards and assistance. At borders, uphold non-refoulement. Once admitted, states should provide rights (education, health) as per Kampala/Refugee laws. Uganda's practice (refugees free to work and own land) is a model.44 Protection includes basic humanitarian aid (shelter, food, healthcare) coordinated via UN clusters. For urban refugees and IDPs, municipalities need capacity-building to integrate newcomers (e.g., land for housing, social programs) to reduce informal settlements. c) Durable Solutions: Promote return, local integration, or resettlement. The Kampala Convention urges post-conflict governments to help IDPs return or locally integrate, with 41 United Nations, "Darfur Crisis" (UN Department of Safety and Security, 2023), https://www.un.org/en/africa/darfur; Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Global Internal Displacement Database — Sudan Profile (IDMC, 2023), https://www.internaldisplacement.org/countries/sudan. 42 Coniglio, Peragine and Vurchio (n 4) (documenting growth in built-up areas of host communities attributable to refugee-camp economic activity over time). 43 UNHCR, Global Action Plan to End Statelessness 2014–2024 (Geneva: UNHCR, 2014), https://www.unhcr.org/54621bf49.pdf (Action 4 on preventing statelessness through law reform, including jus soli safeguards). 44 World Bank, "An Assessment of Uganda's Progressive Approach to Refugee Management", Working Essay No 107235 (World Bank, 2016), https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/259711469593058429/pdf/107235-WP-PUBLIC.pdf (citing the 2006 Refugees Act and 2010 Refugees Regulations as exemplary models).