Summary “F.Z.,” 25, holds a copy of her White Card, issued to Rohingya by Myanmar authorities beginning in the 1990s. Like NVCs, the cards confer neither citizenship nor rights. Fatima fled to Bangladesh from her native Rathedaung Township in northern Rakhine State, Myanmar in 2017. “They must accept us as Rohingya, they must consider us as part of [Myanmar] . . . I am 25-years old and I have already become a refugee twice. I have not found any peace in this world—never enough food and never any security in [Myanmar].” ©Saiful Huq Omi, Counter Foto, Cox’s Bazar District, Bangladesh, August 2019 SUMMARY The United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention warns of certain indicators that “provide an environment conducive to the commission of atrocity crimes,” including “increased politicization of identity” and discriminatory “measures or legislation” targeting protected groups. In addition to certain prohibited acts, such as killing members of a group, genocidal States often use legal and administrative tools to facilitate the destruction of a targeted group “in whole or in part.” In Myanmar, successive governments have implemented measures and legislation to erase Rohingya Muslims’ identity and rights, creating an enabling environment for genocide. This report documents how the Government of Myanmar is using discriminatory administrative measures to deny Rohingya the right to nationality. The government has forced or coerced Rohingya to accept National Verification Cards (NVCs), which effectively identify Rohingya as “foreigners,” and Myanmar authorities tortured Rohingya and imposed restrictions on Rohingya freedom of movement in the context of implementing the NVC process. 8