IN AFRICA MIGRATION FOR DEVELOPMENT II. The strategic framework for managing migration IN AFRICA 4. Border governance Agenda 2063 aspires to a continent of seamless borders, and management of cross-border resources through dialogue, which necessitates effective border governance. Borders in Africa do not merely need better management, they require effective governance. While the idea of border governance refers to a system of norms, institutions and the collaboration of states, society and non-state actors, the concept of border management relates to the implementation of parts of this system, through government agencies, and comprises the rules, techniques and procedures for regulating the movement of people and goods across borders. Cooperative Border Management (CBM) refers to a cohesive government response to the challenges of border management, through the cooperation of public authorities across sectoral and international boundaries toward a shared goal: to balance the easy and legal movement of humans and goods and the prevention of illegal activities, human and national insecurity through effective and efficient joint arrangements. Effective CBM is a key element in any national migration system. The strategic goals of border security are to control: i) the movement of prohibitive and restrictive goods including drugs, weapons etc. ii) the appropriate use of import and export permits, quotas, exchange controls etc., iii) the movement of persons to eliminate illegal border crossings, human trafficking and smuggling; iv) the illegal smuggling of goods. An important component of CBM is the provision of international standard travel documents through well-structured registration and issuance systems that facilitate regular migration. Moreover, women should have equal and independent access to travel documents. Travel documents include passports, visas, and temporary travel documents, such as emergency passports and laissez-passers, and in some cases identification cards that can be used to cross borders on the basis of specific bilateral agreements. It is important to modernise official documents, such as birth certificates, that are used as supporting documents to obtain travel documents, and often falsified. Border management is strongly affected by security concerns. In Africa, as in other parts of the world, border management systems are coming under increasing pressure from large flows of persons, including irregular and mixed flows. Specific challenges to border management mechanisms and personnel include building capacities to distinguish between persons having legitimate versus non-legitimate reasons for entry and/or stay. Some regions in the world have been subject to attacks linked with international terrorist networks. It is important that States meet their humanitarian obligations to refugees and others eligible for protection, and facilitate cross border trade and mobility, while maintaining the security of their borders. Consequently, the strengthening of border management systems in terms of technology, 45