REGIONAL OVERVIEW REGIONAL OVERVIEW TABLE 1 Country Tonga Status of Accession Of International Human Rights Treaties Turkmenistan Country Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Kribati Kyrgyzstan Lao People’s Democratic Republic Malaysia Maldives Marshall Islands Mongolia Myanmar Nauru Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Palau Papua New Guinea People’s Republic of China Philippines Republic of China (Taiwan) Republic of Korea Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste 26 Stateless 1 ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ Stateless 2 ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ Refugee ✅ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ICCPR ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ⛔* ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC (DETAILED VERSION) ICESCR ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ICERD ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔* ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ CRC ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ CEDAW ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ Tuvalu Uzbekistan Vanuatu Viet Nam TOTAL Stateless 1 Stateless 2 Refugee ICCPR ICESCR ICERD CRC CEDAW 6 5 19 32 33 33 45 43 ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ⛔ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ * Signed but not ratified ✅ ⛔ Signifies that the country is a party to the convention Signifies that the country is not a party to the convention Stateless 1 - 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons Stateless 2 - 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness stateless persons in the Asia-Pacific region increased by over 120,000 people and by over 60,000 people between 2021 and 2022.120 Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu) with over half of these countries (12 of 21) based within the Pacific. The dispersion of the stateless population across the region varies widely. The vast majority of the stateless population in the Asia-Pacific is within South and Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia has the largest population of stateless persons with over 1.4 million people affected by statelessness in the sub-region (1,444,363).121 South Asia has the second biggest population of reported stateless persons accounting for almost 1 million people (974,443).122 East Asia (766) and the Pacific (8,320) have markedly smaller registered stateless populations with Central Asia reporting higher figures (46,079).123 Of all the regions, Central Asia saw the biggest decline in reported stateless persons between 2021 and 2022, decreasing by over 10,000 persons.124 Notably, Kyrgyzstan was the first country in the world to successfully resolve all known cases of statelessness in the country in July 2019.126 Since this time the country has identified new cases, reporting 203 stateless persons to UNHCR at the end of 2022.127 The Asia-Pacific contains three of the five largest hosting countries globally, with Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand combined reporting over 2.1 million stateless people in 2022.125 At the same time, 21 of the 45 countries in the AsiaPacific either did not report to UNHCR or reported zero stateless persons in 2022 (Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Hong Kong, Kiribati, Laos, Maldives, Marshall Islands, New Zealand, North Korea, Palau, Samoa, Persons at risk of statelessness Of the reported stateless population, 1.3 million persons are classified as in situ stateless persons, populations that have had multi-generational or long-term significant ties to their country of residence, with many having never left their country of birth. The largest population of in situ stateless people reside in States across Southeast Asia. This includes 630,000 ethnic Rohingya who remain in Myanmar, 574,219 people in Thailand (largely comprised of members of the ‘Hill Tribe’ communities), 75,000 persons of Vietnamese ethnicity in Cambodia128, a population of 26,811 people in Vietnam (including members of the Hmong community and people of Cambodian heritage) and over 20,000 persons of Chinese heritage in Brunei.129 UNHCR has specifically stated that for six countries in the region (Afghanistan, Bhutan, REPORT 2024 27