3. Determination of statelessness and rights attached to the status....................................... 28 3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................... 28 3.2 National legal framework.............................................................................................................................. 29 3.3 Statelessness determination procedure or other procedures in which statelessness status is determined.................................................................................................... 30 3.3.1 Competent authority.............................................................................................................................................................30 3.3.2 Procedural aspects................................................................................................................................................................... 31 3.3.2.1 Initiating the procedure and the course of the procedure........................................................................ 31 3.3.2.2 Questions of proof.......................................................................................................................................................32 3.3.2.3 Access to courts.............................................................................................................................................................32 3.4 Rights of applicants and recognized stateless persons........................................................................... 33 3.4.1 Rights of applicants during the statelessness determination procedure......................................................33 3.4.1.1 Detention.............................................................................................................................................................................33 3.4.1.2 Expulsion............................................................................................................................................................................ 34 3.4.1.3 Public relief....................................................................................................................................................................... 34 3.4.2 Rights of persons recognized as stateless....................................................................................................................35 3.4.2.1 The right of residence..................................................................................................................................................35 3.4.2.2 The right to work.......................................................................................................................................................... 36 3.4.2.3 The right to public relief........................................................................................................................................... 36 3.4.2.4 Identification and travel documents....................................................................................................................37 3.4.2.5 Other rights guaranteed............................................................................................................................................ 38 3.4.2.5 Conclusions..................................................................................................................................................................... 39 3.5 Conclusions and recommendations............................................................................................................. 40 4. Reduction and prevention of statelessness....................................................................................... 41 4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................... 41 4.2 National legal framework.............................................................................................................................. 42 4.3 Acquisition and loss of nationality under the national framework and the compatibility with international standards...................................................................................... 44 4.3.1 Avoidance of statelessness at birth................................................................................................................................44 4.3.1.1 Birth on the state’s territory......................................................................................................................................44 4.3.1.2 Birth outside the state’s territory........................................................................................................................... 45 4.3.1.3 Foundlings.........................................................................................................................................................................46 4.3.1.4 Birth on a ship or aircraft............................................................................................................................................47 4.3.2 Avoidance of statelessness upon change in civil status........................................................................................47 4.3.3 Avoidance of statelessness in the context of renunciation, loss or deprivation of nationality........47 4.3.4 Reduction of statelessness.................................................................................................................................................48 4.3.4.1 Naturalization..................................................................................................................................................................48 4.3.4.2 Other modes.................................................................................................................................................................. 52 4.4 Conclusions and recommendations............................................................................................................ 53 6 MAPPING STATELESSNESS IN ICEL AND