are saying and to allow them to understand what researchers are saying and writing to be involved in commenting on it both pre and post publication. 3.1.1 Those holding knowledge, information and power to effect change on this issue Knowledge and information are held by: • • • • Refugees Those able to read and translate the writing and social media engagement of stateless people People and organisations familiar with participatory working methods Experts on ethical research with migrant and refugee communities (the chapter in the fourth Fatal Journeys report by Dr Samuel Okyere of the University of Bristol is an example of this) Refugees and other migrants hold knowledge that is likely to be valuable in this work once sensitised to the potential statelessness of their children (or for young refugees themselves). Many refugees describe themselves as stateless because they can no longer look to their country for protection, although they have a nationality. They may have an emotional, sometimes a practical, stake in being identified as stateless and for this reason awareness-raising projects must proceed sensitively, with ethical considerations at their heart. Refugees may hold information, as may members of their communities. They are less likely to hold power, but some have a platform and enjoy considerable influence. Those able to speak the languages of refugee groups and participate when members of the group are speaking to each other have access to far richer sources of information and wield considerable power. But, increasingly, it is possible to achieve previously unparalleled communication through interpretation apps and translation apps. While many are still crude, they are often sufficient to identify material that it would be particularly valuable to devote further resources and effort to translating. Authorities and administrative decision-makers/judiciary, as well as refugees’ legal representatives and those advocating for them in official contexts, are likely to hold knowledge and information. UNHCR, due to its privileged role in refugee status determination, is likely to hold knowledge and information too. All may retain copies of documents held by stateless refugees, all are likely to have heard their accounts. 3.2 Quantitative information Quantitative information has many limitations for the reasons explored in Counting the population in need of international protection globally by Blitz, D’Angelo and Kofman, and in project proposals for new UN studies which aim to address those limitations. A clear example of these limitations is the 20 February 2020 Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme Update on Budgets and Funding, which stated that there were 3,622,284 refugees in Turkey in mid-2019 and only one stateless person. This review was more concerned with the parameters set in advance for the gathering of quantitative 5