THEMATIC BRIEFING: October 2025 Statelessness determination and protection in Europe: good practice, challenges and risks are yet to introduce a dedicated SDP, resulting in a failure to uphold the rights of stateless people, leaving many facing years of uncertainty, social exclusion, risks of arbitrary immigration detention, and other human rights violations. There continues to be a gap between accession to the 1954 Convention and implementation of these obligations in domestic law and practice. This briefing summarises how law, policy, and practice in the 34 countries featured in the Statelessness Index perform against international norms and good practice on statelessness determination and the protection of stateless people, and recommends key actions needed to improve the protection of stateless migrants and refugees in Europe. . 3