SOLVING STATELESSNESS (IDPs) that a country produces to rank States on the development indicator of “human security”.19 De Chickera has also pointed to the preoccupation of international development programmes with “national and nationalistic outcomes: ‘Kenyan development for Kenyans’ or ‘Sri Lankan development for Sri Lankans’”.20 Stateless people, who are frequently excluded even from national population censuses,21 are not factored into the equation when development needs are being assessed and are therefore unlikely to benefit from development outcomes. A fourth charge made by de Chickera is that “development is more concerned with aggregate improvements and less so with equality of access and enjoyment of the improvements made”.22 Although it appears that efforts are being made by development actors to find ways to measure inequality and marginalisation,23 including through the SDGs, as outlined below, stateless persons frequently exist at the very peripheries of society, making them among the easiest to exclude and their exclusion the least likely to be noticed. De Chickera has asserted, that the problem is that “development promotes aspiration, not obligation”24 and that aspirations will not be realised if not coupled with obligations to treat people equally, to be fair and not to discriminate – in short, good governance and a rule-of-law approach are needed for development to be meaningful for stateless persons and to avoid entrenching their position of inequality. Finally, development has traditionally been seen as something for the ‘developing world’, notwithstanding the fact that thousands of stateless persons live impoverished lives in the ‘developed world’ and therefore miss out on the fruits of development initiatives. The 2030 Agenda seeks to remedy this by seeking to ensure that “[g]oals and targets [are] met for all nations and peoples and for all segments of society”.25 Notwithstanding these and other barriers to statelessness being seen and addressed as a development issue, surveys and studies26 of stateless 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 See, UNDP, supra n17, Statistical Annex, Table 14 – Human Security. See, de Chickera, supra n15. UNHCR, Global Action Plan to End Statelessness: 2014 – 2024, p. 24. See, de Chickera, supra n15. UNDP, supra n17. See, de Chickera, supra n15. See, UNGA, supra n4. For example, see, Georgetown University Human Rights Institute Fact- 51