ENDNOTES 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 Australian Citizenship Act (2007) ss 13, 16; Citizenship Act (1997) ss 6(1), (3), 7(1) (New Zealand); Citizenship Act (2004) ss 6–7 (Samoa); see Citizenship Amendment Bill (2016) s 2 (amending s 7 of the Citizenship Act (2004) s 7(1)). Citizenship Act (2004) ss 7(1) (Samoa); Citizenship Amendment Bill (2016) s 2 (amending s 7 of the Citizenship Act (2004) s 7(1)); Citizenship Act (1997) ss 7(1), 6(1) (New Zealand). Citizenship of Fiji Decree (2009) s 6; The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(1); Marshall Islands Constitution (1979) article XI(1)(2); The Constitution of Tuvalu (2008) s 45(1)– (2). Citizenship of Fiji Decree (2009) s 6; The Constitution of Tuvalu (2008) s 45(1), (3). Marshall Islands Constitution (1979) article XI(1)(2). Citizenship of Fiji Decree (2009) s 8; Marshall Islands Constitution (1979) art XI(1)(2); The Constitution of Tuvalu (2008) s 45(2). The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(1). Ibid, s 25(2). See Anna Dziedzic, ‘Comparative Regional Report on Citizenship Law: Oceania’ (GlobalCit, February 2020) 29 citing the Naoero Citizenship Act (2017) s 13; Citizenship Act (2018) (Solomon Islands); Citizenship (Amendment) Act No. 40 of (2014) (Vanuatu). UNHCR, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021’ (June 2022) Annex, Table 5. Ibid, Table 5; UNHCR, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2020’ (June 2021) Annex, Table 5. See ‘Statelessness and Climate Change’ section. Susin Park, ‘Climate Change and the Risk of Statelessness: The Situation of Low-lying Island States’ (UNHCR, 2011) <https://www.unhcr.org/4df9cb0c9.pdf>. UNHCR, Table 13 (June 2022). Notably Kiribati’s Banaban population who were relocated to Fiji. See Jane McAdam, ‘Self-determination and Self-governance for Communities Relocated across International Borders: The Quest for Banaban Independence’ (2017) 24 International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 428; Gil Marvel P Tabucanon, ‘Social and Cultural Protection for Environmentally Displaced Populations: Banaban Minority Rights in Fiji’ (2014) 21 International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 25. Kiribati National Statistics Office, '2020 Population and House: General Report and Results' (July 2021) 22, Table A-1e. Non-citizen Population by Country of Citizenship and Sex: 2020 PHC Kiribati; Vanuatu National Statistics Office, '2020 National Population and Housing Census' (17 November 2021) 68 Table. 3.11: Non-Vanuatu Citizens Living in Private Households by Sex and Region of Citizenship. US Department of State, ‘Papua New Guinea 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 11. Helen Davidson, ‘They’re Putting Us Through Hell’: PNG Born Australians Furious at Citizenship Bungle’, The Guardian (3 March 2019) <https://www.theguardian.com/ australia-news/2019/mar/03/theyre-putting-us-throughhell-png-born-australians-furious-at-citizenship-bungle>. Stefan Armbruster, ‘Man Born in Pre-Independence PNG Recognised as Australian after Federal Court Battle with Immigration Minister’, SBS News (17 April 2020) <https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/man-bornin-pre-independence-png-recognised-as-australianafter-federal-court-battle-with-immigration-minister/ r2z41rekx>. ENDNOTES 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 UNHCR, Table 5 (June 2022). Ibid, Table 1. See e.g., AL (Myanmar) [2018] NZIPT 801255. See e.g., Jonathan Simon and Heather Alexander, ‘No Port, No Passport: Why Submerged States Can Have No Nationals’ (2017) 26(2) Washington International law Journal 307; Jane McAdam, Climate Change, Forced Migration and International Law (Oxford University Press, 2012); Jane McAdam et al, ‘International Law and SeaLevel Rise: Forced Migration and Human Rights’ (FNI Report 1/2016, Fridtjof Nansen Institute and the Kaldor Centre for International refugee Law); UNHCR, SFS and IMO, ‘A Toolbox: Planning Relocations to Protect People from Climate and Environmental Change’ (Report, 2017); Barbara Buckinx, Matt Edbrooke and Rana Ibrahem, ‘Self-Determination and Sea-Level Rise’ (Policy Paper, Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination, April 2021); Jenny Grote Stoutenburg, ‘When Do States Disappear?’ in Michael B Gerrard and Gregory E Wannier (eds), Threatened Island Nations: Legal Implication of Rising Seas and a Changing Climate (Cambridge University Press, 2013); Maxine A Burkett, ‘The Nation Ex-Situ’ in Michael B Gerrard and Gregory E Wannier (eds), Threatened Island Nations: Legal Implication of Rising Seas and a Changing Climate (Cambridge University Press, 2013); Jennifer Saxon, ‘Disappearing States, Rising Statelessness: The Twin Crises Just Around the Corner’, RLI Blog (Online, 14 December 2020) <https://rli.blogs.sas.ac.uk/2020/12/14/ disappearing-states-rising-statelessness-the-twin-crisesjust-around-the-corner/>. Peter McMullin Centre on Statelessness et al, supra note 131. See further Barbara Buckinx, Matt Edbrooke and Rana Ibrahem, ‘Self-Determination and Sea-Level Rise’ (Policy Paper, Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination, April 2021) 5–7. Foster, Supra note 96. Citizenship Act (Tuvalu) (2008) ss 6(4)(b)–(c), (f), 7(2). The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(2). Richard Curtain and Matthew Dornan, ‘Climate Change and Migration in Kiribati, Tuvalu and Nauru’, DevPolicyBlog (15 February 2019) <https://devpolicy.org/climatechange-migration-kiribati-tuvalu-nauru-20190215/>. The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 26. ibid Stefan Armbruster, ‘Fifty Years in the Making: Refugees in Australia’s First Manus Camp Offered PNG Citizenship’, SBS News (Online, 25 September 2017) <https://www. sbs.com.au/news/fifty-years-in-the-making-refugees-inaustralia-s-first-manus-camp-offered-png-citizenship>. Supra note 206. Australian Citizenship Amendment (Allegiance to Australia) Act (2015); See Parliament Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security, ‘Review of the Renunciation by Conduct and Cessation Provisions in the Australian Citizenship Act 2007’ (October 2019) < https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/ parlInfo/download/ committees/reportjnt/024297/ toc_pdf/ Reviewoftherenunciationbyconductand cessationprovisionsintheAustralianCitizenshipAct2007. pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf>. Independent National Security Legislation Monitor, ‘Report to the Attorney General: Review of the Operation, Effectiveness and Implications of Terrorism-Related Citizenship Loss Provisions Contained in the Australian Citizenship Act 2007’ (2019) 49. 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 Matthew Doran, Jade MacMillan and Lice Movono, ‘Fiji Casts Fresh Doubt on Decision to Strip Terrorist Neil Prakash of Australian Citizenship’, ABC News (9 January 2019) < https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-01-08/neilprakash-definitely-not-fijian-argue-officials/10698462>. See Alexander v Minister for Home Affairs [2022] HCA 19 <https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/downloadPdf/2022/ HCA/19>. Helen Irving, ‘Alexander v Minister for Home Affairs: Existential Citizenship and Metaphorical Allegiance’, AUSPUBLAW (15 July 2022) < https://www.auspublaw. org/blog/2022/07/alexander-v-minister-for-homeaffairs-existential-citizenship-and-metaphoricalallegiance>; Rayner Thwaites, ‘Citizenship Deprivation as Banishment: The High Court of Australia in Alexander’s Case’, EUI Global Citizenship Observatory (11 July 2022) < https://globalcit.eu/citizenship-deprivation-asbanishment-the-high-court-of-australia-in-alexanderscase/#:~:text=The%20decision%20in%20Alexander%20 v,deprivation%20was%20punishment%20for%20 misconduct.>. Australian Citizenship Act (2007) s 14; Citizenship Act (1997) s 6(3) (New Zealand). The Constitution of Tuvalu (2008) s 43(2); Citizenship of Fiji Decree (2009) s 7. Marshall Islands Constitution (1979) article XI(1)(2); The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(1). Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (1975) s 77. Australian Citizenship Act (2007) s 21(8); Citizenship of Fiji Act (2009) s 6; Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(1); Constitution of the Marshall Islands (1978) art XI s 1(2)(b); Constitution of Nauru (1968) s 73; Citizenship Act (1997) s 6(3) (New Zealand); Constitution of Tuvalu (2008) s 45. Citizenship Act (2004) ss 6(3)(c) (Samoa); Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (1975) s 77(2). Lyanne Togiba and Michele Cheng, ‘Life in Limbo: The Manus babies who Face a Stateless Future’, The Guardian (Online, 13 December 2018) <https://www.theguardian. com/australia-news/2018/dec/13/life-in-limbo-themanus-babies-who-face-a-stateless-future>. UN Statistics Division, Coverage of Birth and Death Registration’ (February 2021) < https://unstats.un.org/ unsd/demographic-social/crvs/>; UNICEF, ‘Birth Registration Data Set’ (May 2022) Supra 139. The Citizenship Act (1951) s 4 (Bangladesh); The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 4. UNHCR, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021’ (June 2022). The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 5. The Citizenship Act (1951) s 5 (Bangladesh). Law on Citizenship of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan (2000) s 9; Bhutan Citizenship Act (1985) s 2. Law on Citizenship of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan (2000) s 10. The Citizenship Act (1995) s 3 (India). The Citizenship Act (1995) s 4 (India). Citizenship Act (1948) s 5(1) (Sri Lanka). Citizenship Act (1948) s 5(2) (Sri Lanka). Constitution of the Republic of Maldives (2008) s 9. Constitution of Nepal (2015) ss 11(2)(b), 11(5). Constitution of Nepal (2015) s 11(7). Law on Citizenship of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan (2000) s 15. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951; Protocol relation to the Status of Refugees, 1967. 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 CRC, 1989; CEDAW 2979; ICERD, 1965; ICCPR, 1966; ICESCR, 1966 . UNHCR, Table 5, June 2022; UNHCR, Table 5, June 2021. UNHCR, Table 5, June 2022. Ibid. Michael Hutt, Unbecoming Citizens: Culture, Nationhood, and the Flight of Refugees from Bhutan (Oxford University Press, 2005); Tang Lay Lee, ‘Refugees from Bhutan: Nationality, Statelessness and the Right to Return’ (1998) 10(1–2) International Journal of Refugee Law 118; Ben Saul, ‘Cultural Nationalism, Self-Determination and Human Rights in Bhutan’ (2000) 12(3) International Journal of Refugee Law 321. Aamir Saeed, ‘Pakistan Says Will Solve “Tough Problem” of Vaccinating Over 3 Million Stateless People’, Arab News (26 May 2021) < https://www.arabnews.pk/ node/1865021/pakistan >; Hajira Maryam. ‘Stateless and Helpless: The Plight of Ethnic Bengalis in Pakistan’, Al Jazeera (29 September 2021) < https://www.aljazeera. com/features/2021/9/29/stateless-ethnic-bengalispakistan >; Kamal Siddiqi, ‘The Hidden Ones’, The Express Tribune (27 July 2020) < https://tribune.com.pk/ story/2256814/the-hidden-ones >; ‘Pakistan — Situation of Afghan Refugees’ (European Union Agency for Asylum, May 2022) < https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/ easo/PLib/2022_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Pakistan_ Situation_of_Afghan_refugees.pdf >. UNHCR, 'Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021' (June 2022). UNHCR, ‘Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for the OHCHR: Compliance Report UPR: Afghanistan’ (June 2013) < https://www. refworld.org/pdfid/51b81fa54.pdf >. Norwegian Refugee Council, 'Access to Tazkera and other Civil Documentation in Afghanistan' (2016) 25. Madhura Balasubramaniam and Sonika Gupta, ‘Disciplining Statelessness: Fragmentary Outcomes of the Tibetan Rehabilitation Policy in India’ [2020] Asian Studies Review 1; Deepak K Singh, Statelessness in South Asia: The Chakmas between Bangladesh and India (Sage, 2010); Hosna J Shewly, ‘Life in De Facto Statelessness in Enclaves in India and Bangladesh’ (2017) 38 Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 108. FWLD, ‘Acquisition of Citizenship Certificate in Nepal: Understanding Trends, Barriers & Impacts’ (Report, February 2014); Tilak Biswakarma, ‘Citizenship and Social Security of Landless Dalits in Nepal’ (2018) 6 Globe: A Journal of Language, Culture and Communication 52; Uddhab Pyakurel, Reproduction of Inequality and Social Exclusion: A Study of Dalits in a Caste Society, Nepal (Springer, 2021). Talha Abdul Rahman, Supra note 70 at 112; Right to Nationality & Citizenship Network, ‘Marginalised and Impoverished in Assam’ (Report, January 2021); J Field et al, ‘Bureaucratic Failings in the National Register of Citizens Process Have Worsen Life for the Vulnerable in Assam’ (Report, 2019); Regina Menachery Paulose, ‘A New Dawn? Statelessness and Assam’ (2019) 7(1) Groningen Journal of International Law 99; Amnesty International, ‘Designed to Exclude: How India’s Courts are Allowing Foreigners Tribunals to Render People Stateless in Assam’ (Report, 2019); Human Rights Watch, ‘“Shoot the Traitors” Discrimination Against Muslims under India’s New Citizenship Policy’ (Report, April 2020); Vatsal Raj, ‘The National Register of Citizens and India’s Commitment Deficit to International Law’ LSE Blog (Online, 10 August 2020) 72 73 STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC REPORT 2023