3.4 Published statistics: enforcement and compliance ............................................52
3.5 Data sets discounted or given minimal weight ...................................................55
3.5.1 Census data ...............................................................................................55
3.5.2 Eurostat ......................................................................................................56
3.5.3 Indirect data sets........................................................................................57
Conclusions ...............................................................................................................58
Recommendations ....................................................................................................60
CHAPTER 4: THE IDENTIFICATION OF STATELESS PERSONS .................................62
IN THE OPERATION OF IMMIGRATION CONTROL
4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................64
4.2 Profiles of participants in the research ................................................................65
4.3 The UK and the 1954 Convention .......................................................................66
4.4 The history of the status of the 1954 Convention in domestic law .....................66
and the treatment of stateless persons in UK immigration law and policy
4.4.1 The Immigration Rules ...............................................................................66
4.4.2 Discretion and policy..................................................................................68
4.4.3 Regularisation ............................................................................................71
4.4.4 Identity and Travel Documents...................................................................73
4.5 The identification of statelessness in immigration law ........................................75
4.6 Guidance and training .........................................................................................79
4.6.1 Screening and early identification ..............................................................82
4.6.2 The attribution of nationality without appropriate evidence .......................83
4.6.3 Difficulties in establishing whether consular authorities ............................84
treated participants as nationals
4.6.4 The approach of legal representatives .......................................................88
Conclusions ...............................................................................................................88
Recommendations ....................................................................................................89
CHAPTER 5: THE HUMAN RIGHTS CHALLENGES FACED BY ..................................90
STATELESS AND “UNRETURNABLE” PERSONS IN THE UK
5.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................90
5.2 Relevant provisions of international law ..............................................................91
5.2.1 International human rights law ...................................................................91
5.2.2 International refugee law ............................................................................92
5.3 Destitution (including access to employment, social ..........................................93
assistance and housing)
5.3.1 Entitlement to work ....................................................................................93
2
Mapping statelessness