23. The average exchange rate during this period was approximately 1,200 Myanmar kyat to 1 United States dollar.
24. Myanmar Central Statistical Organization, United Nations Development Programme, and the World Bank (2020),
Myanmar Living Conditions Survey 2017: Socio-Economic Report.
25. The exchange rate around this time was 74 Bangladeshi taka to 1 United States dollar.
26. This may be in flux at the time of publication. Malaysia has begun turning away boats of asylum seekers, due to the
Covid-19 pandemic, and Bangladesh has begun transporting those who return to Bhasan Char, an island encampment
developed to house refugees but believed by many to be uninhabitable. See Jesmin Papri (2020), “Citing Covid-19 Fears,
Bangladesh Takes Rohingya Refugees to Remote Island,” BenarNews, May 3, https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/
bengali/bangladesh-rohingya-05032020182317.html.
27. See Min Zaw Oo, Ne Lynn Aung, and Morgan Michaels (2020), Annual Peace & Security Review 2020, Myanmar Institute
for Peace and Security, https://mips-mm.org/download/review-2020/.
28. Regression testing establishes that household income is highly correlated with having an incarcerated relative. (r=.057,
p=.02)
29. Danny Coyle, Abdul Kadar (AK) Rahim, and Mohammed Abdullah Jainul (2020), Clan, Community, Nation: Belonging
among Rohingya Living in Makeshift Camps, Bangladesh: IOM, p. 10.
30. For more information, see Jason Gelbort (2018), “Implementation of Burma’s Vacant, Fallow, and Virgin Land
Management Law: At Odds with the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement and Peace Negotiations,” Transnational Institute
website, December 10, https://www.tni.org/en/article/implementation-of-burmas-vacant-fallow-and-virgin-landmanagement-law.
31. The exchange rate around this time was 44 Bangladeshi taka to 1 United States dollar.
32. UNDP Cox’s Bazar Analysis and Research Unit (2020), Context Analysis: Cox’s Bazar in Perspective, May.
33. As of early 2020, over 70 percent of households were receiving an electronic voucher rather than in-kind food rations.
The “e-voucher” is used to procure a variety of food items at certain camp shops run by NGOs, and discourages the
selling of rations. Due to the global Covid-19 pandemic, there has been a shift back to in-kind food aid, which decreases
consumer choice and is likely to increase the prevalence of ration-selling.
34. Jessica Olney, Nurul Haque, and Roshid Mubarak (2019), We Must Prevent a Lost Generation: Community-led education in
Rohingya camps, Oslo: Peace Research Institute.
35. These include Canada, Australia, the UK, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Japan, Norway, and Denmark.
36. Humayun Bhuiyan (2020), “Rohingyas at sea: Other countries should share burden,” Dhaka Tribune, April 29, https://
www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/rohingya-crisis/2020/04/29/rohingyas-at-sea-other-countries-should-share-burden.
37. World Bank (2020), “World Bank’s $350 Million Grant for Bangladesh Will Help Rohingya and Local Communities,” press
release, March 31, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/31/world-bank-provides-bangladesh-350million-grant-for-local-communities-and-rohingya-in-coxs-bazar.
38. World Bank (2020), “World Bank Predicts Sharpest Decline of Remittances in Recent History,” press release, April 22,
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/04/22/world-bank-predicts-sharpest-decline-of-remittances-inrecent-history.
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