CAMP DEMOGRAPHICS The study clarifies demographic details about the refugee population, highlighting the diversity that exists within the camps. Factors studied included place of origin, household composition, languages spoken, and both academic and religious educational attainment. PLACE OF ORIGIN Figure 5. Origin of respondents The majority of survey respondents, 62 percent, were from Maungdaw Township in Rakhine State, Myanmar (figure 5). Rohingya villages in Maungdaw were the most heavily impacted by the clearance operations in 2016 and 2017. Most of the remainder, 33 percent, hailed from Buthidaung Township. Four percent of families were from Rathedaung; less than 1 percent were from other Myanmar townships or were born in Bangladesh to families that fled Myanmar in the early 1990s.13 ARRIVED FROM 62% from Maungdaw Township 38% other: from Buthitaung, from other Myanmar townships, or born in Bangladesh LANGUAGES SPOKEN Fifty-seven percent of households have at least one Myanmar-language speaker, and 16 percent have a Bangla speaker (figure 6). The majority of camp households are multilingual, with at least one member who speaks two or more languages. All households were presumed to speak the Rohingya language as the mother tongue. Other than Rohingya, the Myanmar language and standard Bangla are the two most common languages. Newly arrived households are more likely than registered refugee households to have a Myanmar-language speaker. It is more common for registered than newly arrived households to have a Bangla speaker, due to the permitted use of Bangla as a medium of instruction in registered camp schools. In contrast, newly arrived households are prohibited from learning in Bangla, to prevent their assimilation into Bangladesh. The Chittagonian dialect spoken by local Bangladeshis throughout the region is much closer to the Rohingya language than standard Bangla, and the two are mutually intelligible to a significant extent. Other languages spoken by some household members include English, Arabic, Urdu, and Hindi.14 Figure 6. Languages spoken AT LEAST ONE IN HOUSEHOLD Myanmar language speaker 57% Bangla* speaker 16% *Many of these are registered refugees who were permitted to learn Bangla, unlike the newly arrived population Figure 7. Income earned per household in the past month BDT 0 45% HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION BDT 1–8,500 45% Households are mainly composed of nuclear families, with an average of six members. Only 15 percent of households have a member who is someone other than parents and children. This person is often the parent or sibling of the head of household. Nineteen percent of households identified a woman as the main decisionmaker or head of household. > BDT 8,500 10% most common sources of income are working in a Cash for Work program or as an NGO volunteer, followed by shopkeeping, remittances, selling rations, and day labor.15 Three variables that are robustly associated with higher household income are the education level of household members (see figure 33, p. 32), having a female member who contributes to family income, and having a relative abroad.16 The mean income of households with a relative abroad is 43 percent higher than those without. INCOME The average monthly household income is 2,648 taka, but 45 percent of households have no income at all (figure 7). This reveals a significant split: the average income amongst earners is 4,514 taka. The 13