therefore an important mechanism to reduce the risk of prolonged and/or arbitrary detention. 503 IV. Recommendations 25) Canada should implement the following recommendations relating to expulsion and detention. These recommendations were made by Andrew Brouwer in Statelessness in the Canadian Context: a. Detention of stateless persons should always be avoided except where, and for as long as, it is demonstrably necessary and justifiable. b. Section 247 of the IRPR and Immigration Manual Chapter ENF 20, section 5 should be amended explicitly to note the unique situation of stateless persons vis-à-vis access to identity documents as well as travel documents, so that they are not unnecessarily or unjustly detained. c. Stateless persons should only be removed to countries of former habitual residence where they will have effective protection and a legal status. d. CBSA to regularly make statistics publically available that identifies the number of stateless persons in administrative immigration detention and the length of their detention. e. CBSA to regularly make statistics publically available that identifies the number of stateless persons removed from Canada. 26) The IRPA should be amended to ensure that stateless persons cannot be expelled for reasons other than “national security or public order”. ARTICLE 32: NATURALIZATION The Contracting States shall as far as possible facilitate the assimilation and naturalization of stateless persons. They shall in particular make every effort to expedite naturalization proceedings and to reduce as far as possible the charges and costs of such proceedings. I. Background & Commentary Article 32 of the 1954 Convention is identical to Article 34 of the 1951 Refugee Convention. Article 32 promotes a “general moral obligation” on State Parties to facilitate as far as possible the naturalization and assimilation of stateless persons residing in their countries. The word Handbook on Stateless Persons, supra note 12 at paras. 112-113 & 115. Article 9(1) of the ICCPR states: Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law… 503 104