PRACTICAL GUIDE ON NATIONALITY 1. Introduction 1.1. Relevant terminology The table below contains short definitions of recurrent concepts related to the concept of nationality used throughout this practical guide. These concepts are detailed further in the dedicated chapters and sections of this practical guide. Table 1. Definitions of recurrent concepts Definition Country of origin Country of origin means, for applicants who hold a nationality, the country of nationality, or, for stateless persons, the country of former habitual residence ( 12). Country of reference Country of reference is the country (or countries) of origin in respect of which the need for international protection is to be assessed. In principle, it overlaps with the country of origin. The country of reference is the country that has been identified and stated by the applicant as their country of origin. A country of reference may also be identified by you based on available indicators. Citizenship A legal status and relation between an individual and a state or other territorial polity (such as the European Union, a federal province, or only partially recognised states) that entails specific legal rights and duties. Citizenship of a state is generally used as a synonym for nationality (…). Where citizenship is used in a meaning that is different from nationality it refers to the legal rights and duties of individuals attached to nationality under domestic law. In some national laws, citizenship has a more specific meaning and refers to rights and duties that can only be exercised by nationals after the age of majority (such as voting rights) or to rights and duties that nationals can only exercise in the national territory ( 13). (12) Article 3(13) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1347 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection and for the content of the protection granted, amending Council Directive 2003/109/EC and repealing Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L, 2024/1347, 22.5.2024) (QR). See, similarly, Article 2(n) of Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protection granted (recast) (OJ L 337, 20.12.2011) (QD (recast)): ‘“country of origin” means the country or countries of nationality or, for stateless persons, of former habitual residence.’ (13) Global Citizenship Observatory, ‘Glossary on Citizenship and Electoral Rights’, San Domenico di Fiesole: Global Citizenship Observatory / Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / European University Institute, Globalcit website, 2020, accessed 18 October 2024, https://globalcit.eu/glossary/. 9