these rights in accordance with their national law and their obligations under the relevant international instruments in this field, in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless.”190 In addition to the 1961 Convention, the 1954 Convention includes provisions relating to the reduction of statelessness, based on the understanding that the ultimate solution for stateless persons is the acquisition of a nationality. Namely, Article 32 of the 1954 Convention provides, “The Contracting States shall as far as possible facilitate the assimilation and naturalization of stateless persons. They shall in particular make every effort to expedite naturalization proceedings and to reduce as far as possible the charges and costs of such proceedings.” Article 34 of the 1951 Refugees Convention similarly obliges States Parties to facilitate the naturalization of refugees, including those who are stateless; “in particular, costs should be reduced and the naturalization procedures expedited.” Article 34 of the Refugee Convention and Article 32 of the 1954 Convention together encourage other, nonspecified measures to facilitate naturalization. These might include easing the conditions for naturalization, for example by reducing the period of residence required or by not requiring proof of release from a former nationality.191 The aim of these provisions was expressed by the drafters of the Refugee Convention as follows: “The position of a de jure or de facto stateless refugee is abnormal and should not be regarded as permanent.”192 Regional instruments, such as the ECN and the 2006 Convention on the Avoidance of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession, are also relevant for the prevention and reduction of statelessness. These measures to prevent and reduce statelessness are discussed below in more detail, where provisions in Swedish law are assessed against the relevant international standards. 4.2 National legal framework Sweden acceded to the 1961 Convention in 1969 without reservations,193 and ratified the ENC in 2001 without reservations.194 In 1952, Sweden became party to the ECHR, in 1971 to the ICCPR, 195 in 1980 to the CEDAW,196 and in 1990 to the CRC.197 Sweden is not a party to the 2006 European Convention on the Avoidance of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession, but has expressed an intention to accede to that Convention.198 Provisions on the acquisition and loss of nationality are found in the Act and Decree on Swedish Citizenship and in the Instrument of Government. 190 UNHCR, Guidelines para. 10. 191 Council of Europe, Recommendation 564 (1969) on the Acquisition by Refugees of the Nationality of Their Country of Residence, 30 September 1969, 564 (1969), available at: http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3ae6b38178. 192 See Atle Grahl-Madsen, Commentary on the Refugee Convention 1951, Articles 2-11, 13-37, 1963, republished by UNHCR, Division of International Protection, Geneva, 1997, p. 245. 193 SÖ 1969: 12. 194 SÖ 2001: 20. 195 SÖ 1971: 42. 196 SÖ 1980: 8. 197 SÖ 1990: 20. 198 Lagrådsremiss, Ett medborgarskap som grundas på samhörighet, 6 February 2014 pp. 47-48, available at: http://goo.gl/0idJER. UNHCR STOCKHOLM, 2016 57