Furthermore, in November 2015, A again visited the Embassy of Ethiopia with a legal representative and requested a passport renewal, but he was told that his passport could not be renewed because he was born in Asmara, and his renewal application was not accepted. He also asked about the possibility of being issued a travel document for onetime use to go to Ethiopia, but he was told that it could be issued only to a “national”, and his application for a travel document was not accepted either. (2) Eritrea According to the 1992 Eritrean Nationality Proclamation, people who were residing in the Eritrean region in 1933 are of Eritrean descent, and those born from parents of Eritrean descent are Eritrean citizens. The 1997 Constitution of Eritrea also provides that any person born of an Eritrean father or mother is an Eritrean by birth.129 It is reported that on 27 January 2004, the UK Home Office received a letter from the Eritrean Embassy in London which stated that a person who has an Eritrean father or mother would be eligible for Eritrean nationality as long as the person provides three witnesses.130 A British fact-finding mission report published on 29 April 2003 contains details about the acquisition of nationality with three witnesses. 131 While it is not necessarily clear whether the ‘three witnesses’ method is a condition for the acquisition of nationality or merely a procedure to confirm nationality already acquired, the Eritrean government treats a person as an Eritrean national with verification by three witnesses. A has his parents and six siblings, but their whereabouts are unknown except one younger sister. Also, A himself and his parents do not possess any Eritrean identification documents showing them to be of Eritrean origin, and they do not have any acquaintances who could serve as three witnesses for their Eritrean nationality. Thus, it would be difficult for A to acquire Eritrean nationality with three witnesses. (3) Japan A procedure for the acquisition of Japanese nationality is an application for naturalization. The Nationality Act does not prescribe Japanese language proficiency as a condition for naturalization; however, in practice, a certain level of Japanese language proficiency is required. It is highly likely that A would not be granted naturalization even if he applied because he does not meet this part of the criteria. 129 Constitution of Eritrea (23 May 1997). Rerefence has been made to the following: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3dd8aa904.html. 130 United Kingdom Home Office, Country of Origin Information Report – Eritrea (2010), at http://www.refworld.org/docid/4c286cfa2.html, p. 106. 131 Id. An applicant can choose any three Eritreans in the world as long as he or she knows them personally and call on them to verify that the applicant is an Eritrean national. If the person is abroad, he or she must go to the Eritrean embassy of that State in order to answer questions. The three witnesses must be Eritreans who hold an Eritrean identification card or passport. Although every adult is supposed to have a national ID card, and anyone holding an Eritrean passport would be in possession of that card, identity records are not centralized. 57

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