Category F [Failure of naturalization and restoration of previous nationality] Persons who renounced their previous nationality in the naturalization or nationality restoration process who nevertheless failed to acquire another nationality (Sample cases from Pakistan, China/Bolivia） Category F is statelessness that arises from situations where persons apply for naturalization or nationality restoration and in the process renounce their previous nationality with the expectation that their application would be accepted, but nevertheless they fail to acquire another nationality. In < Case 11 >, a couple and their child with Pakistani nationality applied for naturalization in Japan and renounced their Pakistani nationality based on an instruction by a legal affairs bureau at the time when their grant of naturalization had been informally decided. However, immediately thereafter, it became apparent that the husband had a history of having been deported from Japan and that his (re-)entry to Japan and naturalization application were made under a false name; consequently, the entire family had their naturalization application denied and became stateless. In < Case 12 >, an individual who had Chinese nationality acquired Bolivian nationality through naturalization and renounced his Chinese nationality in his 40s, but later he had a change of mind and wished to restore his Chinese nationality. He renounced his Bolivian nationality during a short-term stay in Japan according to an instruction by the Consular Section of the Chinese Embassy in Japan; however, his application for restoration of Chinese nationality was not granted later, and he became stateless. 1. < Case 11 > A person who, after renouncing the original nationality, was not granted the expected Japanese nationality by naturalization A, who has Pakistani nationality, came to Japan in the late 1990s as a student. However, A quit school and continued to stay in Japan despite the fact that his residence permit as a student had expired; he was deported to Pakistan. In the 2000s, A re-entered Japan with a false passport under a false name and was staying in Japan with the status of a long-term resident. Later, his wife also came to Japan, and they had a child in Japan. In 2001, in the process of applying for naturalization, A and his family renounced their Pakistani nationality and became stateless, as they were instructed to submit a certificate of renunciation of Pakistani nationality. Subsequently, A’s period of stay in Japan expired, but he thought it was unnecessary to extend his period of stay because his naturalization procedure was underway. Without the extension of the period of stay, he became a so-called over stayer. When this fact was pointed out by the legal affairs bureau, A appeared at an immigration bureau. When 90