withdrawn if the regulations on naturalisation in force at the time “had not been applied”, if citizenship was acquired by fraud, or if there was “a lack of genuine link” between the citizen and the state. The review that proceeded led to deprivation of nationality from more than a thousand citizens60 and “largely credited with helping the country extradite a large percentage of the foreign terrorist fighters that remained in the country”.61 While the Bosnian authorities responded to criticism of the citizenship review process by claiming that their policy was merely reversing illegal decisions that had been made at the end of the war, some Bosnian politicians and international officials saw the policy change as primarily motivated by the desire not to be viewed as a safe haven for Islamic terrorists and other radicals.62 At the same time, the role of the Citizenship Review Commission was lauded by, for example, the US government.63 Therefore, there is a strong nexus between national security considerations and the powers of nationality deprivation. Pressure from the international community was a driving force behind this. ENDNOTES Sentença de Exautoração, e desnaturalização, que proferio a Suprema Junta da Inconfidencia antes de proceder a Sentença definitiva (13 de Janeiro de 1759), in: Julio Firmino Judice Biker, Collecção dos Negocios de Roma no reinado de el-Rey Dom José I, ministerio do Marquez de Pombal e pontificados de Benedicto XIVe Clemente XIII, Vol. 1, Imprensa Nacional, 1874, pp. 64-66 [in Portuguese], available at: https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/ bsb11185212?page=68,69. 2 Nationality, including Statelessness – National Legislation Concerning Grounds for Deprivation of Nationality – Memorandum Prepared by Mr. Ivan S. Kerno, Expert of the International Law Commission, A/CN.4/66, 6 April 1953, available at: https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_66.pdf. 3 M. Vink and L. van Baren, ‘Modes of acquisition and loss of citizenship around the world Comparative typology and main patterns in 2020’ (2021), Globalcit Working Paper. See specifically information from GLOBALCIT ‘modes of loss’ L03, L04, L07 and L08. The full GLOBALCIT Citizenship Law Dataset – Modes of Loss of Citizenship is available at: https://globalcit.eu/modes-loss-citizenship/. 4 Note that all data provided in Section 2 of this report is based on legislation in force on 1 January 2020, unless stated otherwise. 5 Art. 22(1), 22(2) LIT. 6 Article 21(b) SAU. 7 S. Pillai and G. Williams ‘The utility of Citizenship Stripping Laws in the UK, Canada and Australia’ (2017) Melbourne University Law Review, Vol. 41(2). 8 Select Committee on the Constitution: NATIONALITY, IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM BILL (2002), p. 6, available at: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ ld200102/ldselect/ldconst/129/129.pdf. 9 In Bradford, Oldham and Burnley in 2001. 10 Secure Borders, Safe Haven: Integration with Diversity in Modern Britain (2002), p. 10, available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/ uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/250926/cm5387.pdf. 11 Ibid, p.35. 12 2002 Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act, available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/41/section/4. 13 2004 Asylum and Immigration Act, available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/19/schedule/2. 14 Abu Hamza publicly praised the September 11 terrorist attacks and Osama bin Laden. 15 S. Mantu,‘‘Terrorist’ citizens and the human right to nationality’ (2018), Journal of Contemporary European Studies, Vol 26(1); Abu Hamza v. SSHD (2003), SIAC, SC/23/2003, para 22. 16 2006 Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act, available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/13/section/56. 17 Secretary of State for the Home Department v Al-Jedda [2013] UKSC 62. Then Home Secretary Theresa May explicitly stated that this amendment was “a consequence of a specific case”: Al-Jedda. 18 2014 Immigration Act, available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/22/section/66/enacted. 19 Nationality and Borders Bill, available at: https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3023. 20 The Guardian, ‘New bill quietly gives powers to remove British citizenship without notice’ (17 November 2021), available at: https://www.theguardian. com/politics/2021/nov/17/new-bill-quietly-gives-powers-to-remove-british-citizenship-without-notice. 21 Time, ‘‘Maximum Suffering.’ A Man Stripped of His Citizenship Sheds Light on the Potential Impact of the U.K.’s Nationality Bill’ (10 February 2022), available at: https://time.com/6146655/uk-citizenship-nationality-immigration-bill/ 22 A. de Chickera, ‘Patel’s citizenship-stripping bill would accelerate UK race to the bottom’, Open Democracy (26 November 2021), available at: https://www. opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/patels-citizenship-stripping-bill-would-accelerate-uk-race-to-the-bottom/. 23 Board of Immigration Appeals, Quintanilla-Montes (1970), No. A-18464888, available at: https://www.justice.gov/eoir/vll/intdec/vol13/2031.pdf. 24 Section 14-3, Para. 2, Handleiding Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap 2003 [Dutch], available at: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBW33099/2022-0101#Circulaire.divisie14_Circulaire.divisie14.4_Circulaire.divisie2. 25 Para. 28 Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Staatsangehörigkeitsrecht 2000 [German], available at: https://www.verwaltungsvorschriften-im-internet. de/bsvwvbund_13122000_V612400513.htm. 26 United States Department of State, Foreign Affairs Manual, Vol. 7, United States Department of State, Section 1275, available at: https://fam.state.gov/ FAM/07FAM/07FAM1270.html. 27 Timor Leste, Egypt, Estonia, Georgia, Germany, Indonesia, Kiribati, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Turkey, Vanuatu, and Yemen. 28 Bahrain, Chad, Republic of the Congo, France, Greece, Guinea, Italy, Kuwait, Madagascar, Morocco, Qatar, Somalia, Togo, and Tunisia 29 Art. 27(3) CHA. 30 Botswana, Burundi, Mali, Panama, Romania, South Africa, Syria, Uganda and the United States of America. 31 Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Indonesia, Liberia, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Sao Tome and Principe, Somalia, Spain, Turkey, and Uganda. 32 CNN, ‘Ukraine says more 20,000 foreign volunteers want to join special unit to combat Russian forces’ (7 March 2022), available at: https://edition.cnn. com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-07-22/h_dc1526f075096e276baec8fa7632f300. 33 The Guardian, ‘Ukraine appeals for foreign volunteers to join fight against Russia’ (27 February 2022), available at: https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2022/feb/27/ukraine-appeals-for-foreign-volunteers-to-join-fight-against-russia. 34 The Guardian, ‘Liz Truss criticised for backing Britons who wish to fight in Ukraine’ (28 Feburary 2022), available at: https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2022/feb/27/liz-truss-says-she-would-back-britons-going-to-ukraine-to-fight-russia. 35 Welt, ‘Zwei deutsche Staatsbürger, die für Selenskyj alles riskieren wollen’ [German] (9 March 2022), available at: https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/ plus237316083/Ukraine-Zwei-deutsche-Staatsbuerger-die-fuer-Selenskyj-alles-riskieren-wollen.html. 36 GLOBALCIT, ‘Latvia: Citizens joining the Ukrainian army can retain citizenship’ (2 March 2022), available at: https://globalcit.eu/latvia-citizens-joining-theukrainian-army-can-retain-citizenship/. 37 ARegierungsvorlage 497 der Beilagen zu den stenographischen Protokollen des Nationalrates X.GP [German], p. 32, available at: https://www.parlament. gv.at/PAKT/VHG/X/I/I_00497/imfname_328450.pdf. 38 Ibid. 39 Art. 15 para. b. 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