of humanitarian assistance, on an emergency basis, also to persons displaced as a result of the 1967 War and subsequent hostilities.203 UNRWA’s role was again expanded following the massacre in the Palestinian refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila in September 1982.204 A United Nations resolution entitled “Protection of Palestine Refugees” stipulated that UNRWA, in consultation with the United Nations Security-General, should “undertake effective measures to guarantee the safety and security and the legal and human rights of the Palestine refugees in the occupied [Lebanese] territories.”205 Similar resolutions in 1983, 1988 and 1993 reiterated the need for UNRWA to continue its efforts in preserving the security and human rights of the Palestinian refugees in territory under Israeli occupation since 1967.206 During the first Intifada (1987–1993), UNRWA protection activities increased following United Nations Security Council Resolution 605, which called upon the United Nations Secretary-General to present the Security Council with “recommendations on ways and means for ensuring the safety and protection of the Palestinian civilians under Israeli occupation.”207The Secretary-General provided a report to the Security Council which outlined four principal means by which the protection of the Palestinian people could be secured (Goulding Report)208: • Physical protection; • Legal protection; • Protection by way of general assistance; and, • Protection by publicity. UNRWA was requested by the United Nations Security-General to enhance its “general assistance” capacity, which encompassed “help individuals or groups of individuals to resist violations of their rights (e.g. land confiscations) and to cope with the day-to-day difficulties of life under occupation, such as security restrictions, curfews, harassment, bureaucratic difficulties and so on,”209 and thus established the 203 36 The UNRWA Commissioner-General at the time, Lawrence Michelmore, approached the United Nations Under-Secretary-General seeking international protection for Palestinian refugees in the oPt, but the initiative failed to attract sufficient support at the United Nations based on the view that Israel would oppose a protection initiative. UN General Assembly, “Res. 2252 (ES-V).” 204 On 17 September 1982, hundreds of Palestinian civilians, including women and children, were massacred in the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila by Lebanese Christian militias who had entered West Beirut with the help of Israeli forces. 205 UN General Assembly, “Res. 37/120,” sec. J, para. 1. 206 See UN General Assembly, “Resolution 38/83(I) - Protection of Palestine Refugees,” December 15, 1983, UN Doc. A/RES/38/83 A-K; UN General Assembly, “Resolution 48/40.United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East: Assistance to Palestine Refugees,” December 10, 1993, UN Doc.A/RES/48/40A-J. 207 UN Security Council, “Resolution 605 - Territories Occupied by Israel,” December 22, 1987, para.6, UN Doc. S/RES/605 (1987). 208 UN Secretary-General, Report Submitted to the Security Council by the Secretary-General in Accordance with Resolution 605 (1987) (Goulding Report), January 21, 1988, para.28, UN Doc. S/19443. 209 Ibid., para. 28(c). Handbook on Protection of Palestinian Refugees