84 R. Bauböck Not the only one tainted As Dumbrava points out, modern ius sanguinis was seen as a democratic and revolutionary principle in contrast with ius soli that had its origins in the feudal idea that any person (or animal) born on the territory was subject to the ruler of the land. Deriving citizenship from citizen descent rather than territorial birth made it possible to imagine a self-governing people reproducing itself. Dumbrava is of course right that seeing the nation as a community of shared descent across generations made it also easier to justify the exclusion of foreigners as well as the inclusion of co-nationals across the border. Yet this is not a sufficient reason for abandoning ius sanguinis. First, an ethnonationalist disposition can be overcome while maintaining ius sanguinis if this principle is supplemented with ius soli and residence-­ based naturalisation. The latter has created an ethnically highly diverse citizenry in continental European immigration countries even in the absence of the additional inclusionary effects of ius soli. The reason for this ethnically inclusive effect of ius sanguinis is simple: If first generation immigrants have access to citizenship and take it up, then ius soli and ius sanguinis does not make much difference: the children of immigrants will be citizens under either rule. Secondly, a pure ius soli regime is also tainted and not only because of the feudal origins of the principle. Territorial nationalism can be just as nasty as ethnonationalism and may be fanned by thinking of ius soli as the right of the ‘sons of the soil’. Even the case of Romania that Dumbrava lists among the problematic ones is ambiguous in this regard. If Romania awards citizenship to the descendants of those born in its lost territories, is this an instance of ius soli or ius sanguinis and an illustration of ethnic or of territorial nationalism? The answer is probably: both. Ius soli and ius sanguinis are therefore not alternatives, but can be combined in benign ways that neutralise the potentially illiberal effects of either principle, as well as malign ways that enhance their nationalist potential for ethnic exclusion and territorial expansion. Thirdly, pure ius soli also has vicious exclusionary effects for migrants. In most American states, the immigrant generation 1.5 – those who have entered the country as minor children – cannot acquire citizenship before the age of majority. President Obama’s Dream Act is an attempt to mitigate some of the worst consequences for the children of irregular immigrants. Even more problematic is the common distinction between nationals and citizens in many Latin