Ugo, Gentilini. “Cash Transfers in Pandemic Times: Evidence, Practices, and
Implications from the Largest Scale Up in History.” World Bank, June 22,
2022. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/
documentdetail/099800007112236655.
UN Human Rights Committee. “CCPR General Comment No. 27: Article 12
(Freedom of Movement).” November 2, 1999. https://www.refworld.org/legal/
general/hrc/1999/en/46752.
UN OHCHR. Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (1954). https://
www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/conventionrelating-status-stateless-persons.
Uña, Gerardo, Sailendra Pattanayak, Richard Allen, and Gwenaelle Suc. “Digital
Solutions for Direct Cash Transfers in the COVID-19 Crisis.” PFM, April 29,
2020. https://origin-blog-pfm.imf.org/en/pfmblog/2020/04/digital-solutionsfor-direct-cash-transfers-in-the-covid-19-crisis.
UNHCR. “Global Virtual Summit on Digital Identity for Refugees, Concluding
Workshop: Summary Conclusions and Recommendations.” August 2019.
https://www.unhcr.org/idecosystem/wp-content/uploads/sites/69/2019/12/
Conclusions_and_Recommendations.pdf.
UNHCR. Good Practices Paper – Action 6: Establishing Statelessness
Determination Procedures to Protect Stateless Persons. July 2020. https://
www.refworld.org/policy/opguidance/unhcr/2020/en/123292.
UNHCR. “Guidelines on Statelessness No. 4: Ensuring Every Child’s Right to
Acquire a Nationality through Articles 1-4 of the 1961 Convention on the
Reduction of Statelessness.” December 21, 2012. https://www.refworld.org/
policy/legalguidance/unhcr/2012/en/105120.
UNHCR. “Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons.” June 2014. https://www.
refworld.org/policy/legalguidance/unhcr/2014/en/122573.
United Nations. “Sustainable Development Goal 16.” Sustainable Development
Knowledge Platform. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/
goal16.
USAID. Identity in a Digital Age: Infrastructure for Inclusive Development. 2017.
https://www.simprints.com/resources/identity-in-a-digital-age-usaid/.
Weitzberg, Keren. “The Digital Identity Wallet: From Cape Town to Amsterdam.”
Medium (blog), June 20, 2024. https://medium.com/@kweitzberg/the-digitalidentity-wallet-from-cape-town-to-amsterdam-57e61718f967.
Weitzberg, Keren. “Keeping People out of Camps: Biometric Technologies,
Contested Sovereignty, and Border Practices within Humanitarian Spaces.”
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 51, no. 14 (2025): 3590–609.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2025.2513155.
Statelessness and digital identity
16