Most critically, the implementation of digital identity systems must be accompanied by the legal and institutional reforms necessary to resolve nationality status: strengthened civil registration, due process in identity determination, and legislative frameworks that provide pathways to nationality for long-term stateless residents. Without this integration of technical innovation with fundamental legal reform, digital identity systems risk becoming sophisticated tools for perpetuating rather than resolving the exclusion of stateless people. No technology can resolve the fundamental challenge of nationality determination that lies at the heart of statelessness. As with other forms of exclusion, technological solutions do not fix structural problems. Statelessness and digital identity 13