4 Molly Land, Kathryn Libal, and Jillian Chambers (formal citizenship) and the social, political, cultural, and symbolic practices of becoming and being a citizen (substantive citizenship), focusing on the non-citizen through a human rights lens.10 Chapter 7 by Eleni Coundouriotis and Chapter 11 by Susan Bibler Coutin address how citizenship is enacted and new forms of belonging emerge through what some have called “lived citizenship,” a concept that stresses the phenomenological and performative aspects of citizenship. As Kirsi Kallio, Bronwyn Wood, and Jouni Häkli note, such work contrasts citizenship “based on status and the respective rights granted by the state” and attends to “less formal modes of political participation and ways of enacting citizenship beyond the largely institutionalized practices within states.”11 Furthermore, there are many aspects of the topic the volume does not address, including the experience of non-citizens with quasi-membership rights, such as work authorization but without political rights, or the experience of resettled refugees or permanent residents. It also largely does not address the experience of those who may have political citizenship, but for whom the rights of citizenship have been denied due to racism or other forms of oppression.12 Securing the human rights of non-citizens is one of the most pressing global social problems of the twenty-first century. Like climate change and the global economy, addressing the human rights implications of global migration – and forced migration in particular – transcends the limits of any one state and requires both domestic and international commitments and action. This volume attempts to provoke conversations across disciplines about how we can ground such commitments and action for those with whom we do not share a political community. part i: the failure of rights The first section of the book discusses the imperfections of citizenship as a basis for rights. A historic number of refugees, asylum seekers, asylees, undocumented migrants, and immigrants with varied statuses reside and work within states where they do not have citizenship.13 And, in the post-Cold War era, they share new forms of insecurity and precarity due to a rise in xenophobia and racist backlash against E. F. Isin, “Theorizing Acts of Citizenship,” in Isin and Nielsen (eds.), Acts of Citizenship, pp. 15–43. 11 K. P. Kallio, B. E. Wood, and J. Häkli, “Lived Citizenship: Conceptualizing an Emerging Field” (2020) 24(6) Citizenship Studies 713–729 at 714. 12 Brysk and Shafir, “Introduction,” pp. 6–7. 13 The International Organization of Migration estimates that there are 272 million international migrants (3.5% of the world’s population), of which approximately two thirds are labor migrants, in 2020. This figure surpasses earlier estimates that by 2050 there would be 230 million international migrants. IOM UN Migration, World Immigration Report 2020 (Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration, 2020), https://publications.iom.int/ system/files/pdf/wmr_2020.pdf at 2. 10 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108914994 Published online by Cambridge University Press