The key objective would be to help avert a humanitarian catastrophe by promoting orderly population movements. As natural disasters may require early, if only temporary, evacuation from an island State, further consideration could be given to include not only relocation and resettlement once the territory is uninhabitable but also a form of temporary protection scheme in the interim. Such an approach could help reinforce links with relevant third States while also filling a potential protection gap.146 Furthermore, appropriate education and other measures to prepare for displacement could serve not only to increase the resilience and ability to adapt of displaced islanders but also to provide further resources and knowledge to the population remaining on the islands.147 Labour migration quotas could help expose islanders to a different culture and lifestyle as well as ensure additional remittances to invest in adaptation measures locally. Agreements on education and vocational or technical training would also be useful. The latter could include a broad range of scholarships for candidates from the affected island States which could be co-funded by the island States and potential host States. Such measures could be foreseen as part of comprehensive arrangements with the objective to ensure that any final relocation will be a sustainable one.148 Different people feel the pressure to migrate at different points in time due to multiple factors, as noted above, and such migration schemes could also address such differences.149 Such measures would be supplementary to information and awareness programmes, the establishment of consultation mechanisms with the populations themselves, and measures to build the skills needed to live in a different society. Additionally, arrangements could foresee the exchange of lessons learned from past and current relocations, such as those undertaken within Kiribati and from the Carteret Islands to the main island of Papua New Guinea, to help ensure a viable relocation from a social, cultural and economic perspective. Such measures should also help ensure that relocation, albeit inevitable, becomes a positive adaptation response.150 Governments of affected States should be enabled to assume control over and responsibility for adaptation measures, including those associated with external relocation. The Small Island Developing States (SIDS), the Pacific Islands Forum and the Pacific Islands Development Programme are three fora in which States likely to be affected may be engaged. However, the impact of climate change on low-lying island States raises major policy issues regarding the affected populations themselves. Clearer understanding is needed regarding the motivations and concerns of the populations likely to be affected by climate change, who should be fully involved in planning for their own adaptation. Such arrangements should thus be based on the participatory involvement of affected populations as well as the governments of affected island States. The early and participatory involvement of women and children would also be critical to ensure that their concerns are taken into consideration and thereby help increase the viability of any relocation. This would require appropriate knowledge and information as to existing risks and available options and a willingness and ability to take an active part in shaping their future.151 This was recently 146 See, ‘Climate change, migration and displacement: Who will be affected?’, note 21 above. See for example Barnett and Adger, note 4 above. 148 Kiribati and Tuvalu have reportedly expressed the aim that any relocation would permit them to be ‘valued and active members of a community’; see Loughry and McAdam, note 93 above. 149 See Loughry and McAdam, note 93 above. 150 See A. Berzon, ‘Tuvalu is drowning’, Salon.com, 31 March 2006, for personal stories of the type of adaptation that will be required for islanders, available online at: http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2006/03/31/tuvalu/print.html (last accessed 25 January 2011). 151 See M. Loughry and J. McAdam, ‘Kiribati – relocation and adaptation’, (2008) 31 Forced Migration Review, 51-52; available online at: http://www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR31/FMR31.pdf (last accessed 25 147 21