Acknowledgments This publication emerged from a conference organised by the International Centre for Ethnic Studies in August 2017. The conference brought together a broad range of scholars and practitioners, who have been researching and working on the area, with a view to developing an enhanced and nuanced understanding of the issues and challenges on the subject, and generating recommendations for law, policy, and practice. For ten years after the end of the war in May 2009, political and academic debate and discussion on ethnic reconciliation have centred on a simplistic Sinhala-Tamil binary, ignoring other ethnic groups and the multiplicity of Tamil, Muslim, and other identities on the island. Many of the issues pertaining to majorityminority relations and power sharing remain unresolved, 70 years after independence. Despite numerous political proclamations and changes in government, limited progress has been made to seek real and genuine reconciliation that takes account of the aspirations of the several ethnic and religious groups in the country. This book addresses the challenges that Up-country Tamils face in contemporary Sri Lanka, politically, economically, and socially, as well as the historical origins and structural determinants of their current predicament. The International Centre for Ethnic Studies would like to thank the two editors, Daniel Bass and Balasingham Skanthakumar, for staying with this project, despite other commitments, and seeing the book through to publication. ICES would also like to vii