Up Country Tamils: Charting a New Future in Sri Lanka spheres such as education, health service provision, housing, public sector employment and institutional and legal reforms. Amendment to the Pradeshiya Sabha (PS) Act, establishment of four new PS’s in the Nuwara Eliya district, and a separate authority for plantation sector development, are some of the significant changes in the post-war context. Yet, there are limitations and institutional and structural issues in gaining access to social rights and developmental benefits in full. Furthermore, historical discrimination of this community since independence also remains another key factor in the slow pace of social development. This mainly includes the citizenship problem, disenfranchisement, language act, land reforms act, nationalisation of plantations, and then privatisation without adequate social security measures. Put differently, some of the structures, institutions, laws, and policies created during the period of statelessness continue to remain in practice in Sri Lanka, which continue to have an enduring impact on social citizenship rights of this community, together with governance. It is safe to argue that persistent social stigma, preconceived notions, stereotyping, and social classification may not immediately disappear among a previously stateless people, and it can possibly continue to generate some form of psychological resistance to actively practice and enjoy citizenship rights. Empirical evidence (Ramesh 2018) suggests that a significant number of the Plantation Community still possess a sense of fear and an inferiority complex in accessing public institutions since they were left out from all forms of governance for about four decades. Importantly, even after slowly gaining citizenship rights, they had to encounter ill-treatment, disdain and discrimination. 32