Protracted Refugee Situations UNHCR defines a protracted refugee situation as one in which 25,000 or more refugees from the same nationality have been in exile for five or more years in a given asylum country. While this criterion is applied for monitoring purposes, it has some limitations. For instance, as long as a group of refugees from the same nationality does not reach the threshold of 25,000 people, it is not included as a ‘protracted situation’ for statistical purposes, irrespective of the group’s duration in exile. Further, returns and new arrivals of individuals from the same nationality can ‘renew’ the refugee population in a given country of asylum. These limitations notwithstanding, estimating the number of refugees remaining in long-term exile is crucial from solutions, protection, and operational perspectives. Based on this definition, it is estimated that some 6.7 million refugees (41% of those under UNHCR’s mandate) were in a protracted situation by the end of 2015. These refugees were living in 27 host countries, constituting 32 protracted situations. Estimating the average duration of years a specific situation has lasted gives an indication of how recent or protracted it is. This method looks at the year of arrival of the first significant number of refugees of a given nationality and estimates the average duration of stay for all refugees of that nationality. While the average duration of the 32 protracted refugee situations at the end of 2015 is estimated at about 26 years, most of these (23) have lasted for more than 20 years Figure 7 . Note that this does not mean that these individuals are necessarily in a protracted situation; rather, this metric applies to the refugee situation as a whole. According to UNHCR’s definition, some groups of refugees from the same nationality have been in a protracted situation in multiple asylum countries. For instance, Afghan refugees had been in protracted situations in the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan for more than three decades by the end of 2015. Such refugees have arrived in the Islamic Republic of Iran since 1979, and this number stood at 951,100 by the end of 2015. Similarly, 400,000 Afghan refugees have arrived in Pakistan since that same year, and this number stood at 1.6 million by end-2015. As a consequence, Afghan refugees constitute the largest protracted refugee group worldwide under UNHCR’s mandate. Number of situations Fig.7 Protracted refugee situations by duration | 2015 14 12 12 10 11 8 9 6 4 2 0 30+ yrs Duration of refugee situation 20 UNHCR Global Trends 2015 20-29 yrs 10-19 yrs