538 S. POGONYI Vink, M. P., & de Groot, G.-R. (2010). Citizenship attribution in Western Europe: International framework and domestic trends. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(5), 713–734. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/13691831003763914 Weber, M. (1978). Ethnic groups. Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (pp. 385– 395). University of California Press. Notes 1. In the literature, both ’external’ and ’extraterritorial’ citizenship is being used. I will use the latter throughout the text to refer to policies concerning citizens living outside the territory of a state. 2. (Bertossi & Hajjat, 2013, p. 22, 31; Koska et al., 2013, p. 7). 3. (Bauböck, 2007, p. 67).