Nur Hakim (Name Changed)describes life under both military and AA control as characterized by deep-rooted, institutionalized discrimination. A 40-year-old Rohingya from Maungdaw township describes the relentless discrimination and persecution as, “Whenever we went outside our homes or to the market, the AA would snatch our money and take goods from our shops. If we asked them to pay, they would beat us and threaten us with kidnapping. The AA and local Mogs constantly mistreated us, using harsh words and treating us as enemies. We were also prohibited from traveling between villages and towns, making it impossible to run businesses or access medical treatment. If travel was absolutely necessary, such as for medical emergencies, we were required to obtain a Tokenza permit, which cost between 20,000 to 30,000 Myanmar kyats. Additionally, Rohingya Muslims were forbidden from attending mosques and schools, especially after the AA took control of the town.” Maung Maung Tin also recounts a longstanding pattern of ethnic and religious discrimination against the Rohingya, driven by both the Rakhine community and state policies. He states that the government of Myanmar actively provoked the Rakhine Buddhist population against the Rohingya, leading to widespread societal discrimination. This testimony aligns with historical reports of the Myanmar state using divisive ethnic policies to marginalize the Rohingya, often branding them as outsiders despite their deep-rooted presence in Rakhine State. Yahaya describes a lifelong experience of discrimination in Myanmar, where he was systematically denied fundamental human rights, including the right to education, employment, and freedom of movement. Most notably, he and his community were denied citizenship, rendering them stateless and vulnerable to persecution. Even before the conflict escalated, the Rohingya population faced institutionalized discrimination. However, with the intensification of hostilities between the Myanmar military and the AA, these restrictions evolved into active violence and targeted attacks aimed at forcibly removing the Rohingya from Rakhine State. 34