➔ Control Through Intimidation and Surveillance Post-attack of May 2024, villages in the Maungdaw district fell under AA control, where residents, as reported by our interviewees in their testimonies, were subjected to surveillance, intimidation, and extortion. It is an established fact that the AA’s control over the region allowed them to monitor and restrict the movements of the community. Reports indicated that the AA closely monitored the activities in which they suggested security concerns due to the presence of rival groups like the Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO) and the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA).’ Eyewitness accounts, as we have heard from the victims interviewed, highlighted the AA’s use of drones for surveillance, which preceded several attacks on civilian populations. As described by Noor Mohammad, this pattern of surveillance followed by attacks instilled a climate of fear and uncertainty among the local population. Throughout the conflict, Mohammad Shorif had multiple encounters with both the AA and the Myanmar junta military. These interactions were primarily characterized by fear and intimidation. The Myanmar military frequently interrogated him and other villagers, accusing them of supporting rival rebel groups. They demanded information about their activities, often under threats of violence, torture, or death. Failure to comply meant brutal consequences. Human rights monitors warn that the AA’s actions could be part of a broader campaign to establish authority over the Rohingya populations through intimidation and administrative control. The AA inflicted direct violence and threats on Mohammad Shorif’s family. The AA frequently demanded food, supplies, and recruits, threatening violence if their demands were not met. His younger brothers were nearly forced into joining the group and were beaten when they refused. Other villagers who resisted faced physical assault or worse. Mohammad Shorif witnessed people being burned alive in their homes, while others were shot indiscriminately. The conflict has severely impacted the Rohingya people's ability to access essential resources, including food, shelter, and healthcare. Before the violence intensified, the community had limited access to food and medicine. However, after the conflict escalated, the situation worsened significantly. Authorities (including both, initially the local administration of the Myanmar regime and now the AA) imposed strict curfews, preventing Rohingya shopkeepers from opening their businesses or accessing markets. As Nur Hakim (Name Changed)explained, “After the 20