2019 Statelessness & Citizenship Review 1(2) less favourable than that accorded to aliens generally in the same circumstances. 116 Both the 1951 Refugee Convention and 1954 Statelessness Convention use the same language, and both provide limited protections based on legal presence and only afford safeguards as favourable as those accorded to similarly situated aliens. Stateless refugees in camp settings often occupy shelter that does not meet the requirements for adequate housing in terms of habitability, access to services or location. In urban areas, persons who are stateless and displaced can face abusive rental practices and immediate eviction upon non-payment of rent. Stateless asylum seekers who have had their claims denied can be seen as illegal occupants of both housing and the country in which they find themselves, and thus subject to multiple forms of discrimination. Upon return to their original place of residence, formerly displaced stateless persons can find their homes occupied or destroyed and be unable or unwilling to claim restitution. 117 Stateless women, children, persons with disabilities and displaced persons face discrimination on multiple fronts in accessing adequate housing and then additional human rights violations resulting from that limited access. For individuals that have identities that further cross these categories, such as stateless women who have been displaced or stateless children with disabilities, they face discrimination on even more numerous fronts. Even though the right to adequate housing for these individuals is protected by multiple human rights treaties, both generally in the ICESCR and specifically in CEDAW, CRC and CERD, they are often unable or unwilling to seek assistance from authorities to address barriers to access or subsequent mistreatment from landlords and neighbours. This may be due to past discrimination and persecution by state agents, and the potential to expose themselves to further harassment for both their lack of a nationality and membership in one or many of these groups. But while the vulnerability of these groups to violations of the right to adequate housing may seem apparent, due to limited data produced by states and little investigation thus far by academics, the true extent of the problem is relatively unknown. THE INTERCONNECTED NATURE OF VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING AND OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS While statelessness, identity and inadequate housing are interconnected, inadequately housed stateless persons also face additional and interrelated human rights violations. The denial of the right to adequate housing and the denial of the right to a nationality, both individually and in aggregate, can lead to violations of other fundamental rights. The right to education is one such right that is often violated, due to both nationality status and housing situation. Schools may deny children registration because their settlements lack official status and they cannot provide a qualifying place of residence for enrolment, or they themselves lack legal recognition and cannot produce necessary identity documents. Children may face harassment and mistreatment by classmates and administrators due to their stateless status and their housing conditions. A lack of 116 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, opened for signature 28 July 1951, 189 UNTS 150 (entered into force 22 April 1954) art 21. 117 The Right to Adequate Housing (n 11) 27. 256