2019 Statelessness & Citizenship Review 1(2) international investors such as the Tokwe Mukosi Dam in Zimbabwe have displaced tens of thousands and destroyed existing housing, although it is difficult to say who among the displaced is stateless or at risk of statelessness. 89 In Turkey, the state has failed to respect and protect Roma from forced evictions and housing destruction to make way for urban renewal projects undertaken in public-private partnership. 90 In Cambodia, ethnic Vietnamese face evictions carried out by groups of citizens, along with those performed jointly by the state and private developers. 91 In some regions of the country ‘evictions occur through private sector mechanisms and development projects which displace entire waterside communities’ 92 made up predominantly of ethnic Vietnamese who are stateless or at risk of statelessness. Following the violation of their right to adequate housing by private individuals or collective entities, stateless persons are often unable or unwilling to seek legal remedy. This may be due to fear of further persecution by the same actors following state ambivalence or additional oppression by the state after identifying themselves and their place of residence, as they may now be subject to arbitrary arrest and detention. While this inability or unwillingness varies by location, it is understandably more prevalent in locations where statelessness is widespread and groups face systematic denials of their right to a nationality, as opposed to locations where statelessness occurs on a more individual basis. The Bidoon of Kuwait are one such group that face state persecution, although not necessarily for having availed themselves to its protection following violations of the right to adequate housing; rather they live under ‘self-imposed house arrest’ 93 for fear of detention upon leaving their homes. 94 But states’ obligations towards stateless persons go beyond simply avoiding direct obstruction and preventing others from interfering with the enjoyment of their rights. C The Obligation to Fulfil States also have obligations to fulfil the right to adequate housing for all persons on their territories by adopting positive legislative, administrative, judicial and promotional measures. As CESCR General Comment 4 notes, these changes in policy and administration should target disadvantaged groups and provide them with some degree of priority consideration. 95 The Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing has also noted that: [S]ome differential treatment or special measures [may be necessary] in order to obtain substantive equal treatment, putting all members of the community on an equal footing. States are required to take affirmative action to attenuate or 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 ‘Homeless, Landless, and Destitute: The Plight of Zimbabwe’s Tokwe-Mukorsi Flood Victims’, Human Rights Watch (online, February 2015). Karan (n 84) 14. Laurie Parsons and Sabina Lawreniuk, ‘Seeing Like the Stateless: Documentation and the Mobilities of Liminal Citizenship in Cambodia’ (2018) 62(1) Political Geography 1, 8. ibid. Bedoons of Kuwait Report (n 79). United Kingdom Home Office, Country Information and Guidance Kuwait: Bidoons (Country Policy and Information Notes Version 2.0, July 2016) <https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_d ata/file/566157/CIG_-_Kuwait_-_Bidoons.pdf>. General Comment No 4, UN Doc E/1992/23 (n 9) 117 [11]. 252