Trends in Birthright Citizenship in EU 28 2013-2020 Table 2: Varieties of ius soli citizenship in the EU 28, January 1 2020 Ius Soli (general) N % Provision -Second generation 5 18% Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, UK -Third generation 7 25% Belgium, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain -No general provision 18 18 Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden 64% Ius Soli (foundlings) N % -Special provision 27 96% Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom -No special provision 1 4% Cyprus Ius Soli (stateless) N % -Special provision 26 93% Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom -No special provision 2 7% Cyprus, Romania Number of countries 28 Source: www.globalcit.eu Note: percentages for ius soli (general) do not add up to 100% as Belgium and Portugal are included in more than one category. 6. Trends in ius soli citizenship There have been relatively few changes in ius soli citizenship provision during the period 20132020. The main trends can be summarized as • creating additional provisions for those who would otherwise be stateless • extending access to citizenship on the basis of continuing residence or education While most of these changes were in a more inclusive direction, they remain limited in number and significance, Portugal’s reduced parental residence requirement is the most significant change for the period, but is an outlier. Increased provision in case of statelessness, and the extension of ius soli citizenship to children born and raised in the country, as in Greece and Luxembourg, are more widespread. These follow other extensions of ius soli in the previous twenty years, for example the introduction for the first time of ius soli in several countries on the basis of parental residence in Germany (2000) and of double ius soli in Luxembourg (2008). 10 RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-Comp. 2020/2 - © 2020 Authors