A/HRC/60/NGO/26 Violations to the Right to a Nationality and Other Human Rights in Myanmar Following the adoption of Resolution A/HRC/RES/59/2 at the 59th Session of the UN Human Rights Council, the co-sponsoring organisations continue to express their ongoing concerns regarding the violations towards the right to a nationality and other human rights in Myanmar. The Rohingya are one of the most persecuted minorities in the world. Having been arbitrarily deprived of citizenship by the 1982 Citizenship Law and its discriminatory implementation, they have faced decades of discrimination and repression, lacking access to the most basic rights. The deprivation of nationality and resultant statelessness of the Rohingya remains a significant obstacle to finding a sustainable and dignified solution to the crisis. Ongoing Violence in Rakhine State In November 2023, violence broke out in Rakhine State between the Tatmadaw, the State Administration Council (SAC) and the United League of Arakan/Arakan Army (ULA/AA). Caught between the military and the Arakan Army, Rohingya civilians are regularly subjected to killings, enforced disappearances, mutilations, arbitrary arrests, torture, village destruction, and mass displacement. Since November 2023, more than 350,000 people have been internally displaced (1). In December 2024, several Rohingya organisations reported that at least 2,500 Rohingya were killed during the fighting between ULA/AA and SAC, and the Arakan Army has forced over 118,000 Rohingya to flee to Bangladesh in recent months, with thousands more attempting to reach other neighbouring countries (2). Arbitrary and Documentation Discriminatory Practices on Accessing Civil SAC restricted the movement of Rohingya in several areas and refused to issue Form 4 travel permits for travel to other states or regions, regardless of the purpose — including medical treatment, personal visits or educational needs. Many Rohingya children are unable to obtain birth certificates, as the process requires at least one parent to present valid ID cards along with recommendation letters from both the police and village administrators to the Township Administration Department. These developments occur amid pervasive digital surveillance operations tied to internal and foreign travel, including the rollout of a biometric e-ID system by the junta with backing from China and India (4). The system entails mass collection of sensitive biometric data, replicates existing discriminatory citizenship documentation categories and is entirely premised on the “national races” framework of the 1982 citizenship regime (5). Reports from SAC indicate that only Citizenship Scrutiny Card (CSC) holders are eligible to receive digital ID, needed to access basic rights, while other residents receive a Unique ID number (UID) (6). Citizenship status is reflected in the ID number itself, and the e-ID database is linked with an extensive population surveillance apparatus modelled on China’s Global Security Initiative (GSI). Enrolment in the e-ID system is mandatory for anyone seeking travel documentation and the system is connected with the junta’s Person Scrutinization and Monitoring System (PSMS) (7). In addition to excluding marginalized ethnic and religious minorities under the 1982 citizenship regime, the e-ID system will exclude populations living in conflict-affected areas who cannot enrol, with long-lasting political and economic ramifications for these vulnerable civilian groups (8). Human Rights Conditions Affecting Rohingya in Myanmar Since November 2023, formal education has been denied in Rakhine State, with schools being closed. Teachers have not reported to schools due to safety concerns, and some schools were damaged or destroyed by ULA/AA and SAC in 2024. As of June 2025, ULA/AA was 2