“My mother was pregnant in [the United States], and she spoke out against the corruption that she saw from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). The BIA was taking half of the rations away from the people for [itself], and she spoke out. The BIA Officer and the Sherriff came one night while my dad was away and threatened my mom and said: ‘You’re having a bastard half breed. We’re going to take that child and you’ll never see that child again.’ That’s when she packed everything, she told my dad what had happened, my dad sold everything, he caught up with my mom at the border and they crossed into Canada”. [Dave] Dave’s parents did not explain to him whether he was born before or after his parents’ crossing into Canada, and they are now deceased preventing Dave from ever knowing. 3. Impacts of Statelessness Legal research of Canadian jurisprudence involving statelessness followed by semi-structured interviews with stateless persons were conducted to understand the experiences of stateless persons in Canada. Particular vulnerabilities identified by the Courts and stateless persons in Canada during this research include the lack of enjoyment of certain rights, i.e., freedom of movement, a sense of instability and marginalization when not being able to secure permanent employment and having to make their way through the legal system for years attempting to find a solution to their statelessness situation and the deterioration of their mental and physical health. 3.1 Employment Securing gainful employment is a crucial aspect of maintaining livelihood, and it is addressed specifically in Chapter Three of the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons.62 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, to which Canada is party, also protects the right to work and to earn a living, and obliges States party to take appropriate steps to safeguard this right.63 The Ilemori case64 illustrates the challenges of stateless persons to obtain work permits and the hardships faced by those without status. Due to their statelessness situation, the Ilemoris were stuck in a position of being unable to apply for work in Canada and could not return to the country of former residence. Despite the unique facts of this case, it raises concerns about the precarious situation of persons who have unsuccessfully taken all reasonable measures to obtain citizenship in other countries of connection, and continue to live in limbo in Canada. Arriving in Canada as a permanent resident skilled worker, Abdel, a software engineer from 62 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. (1954). 63 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 6. 64 Ilemori v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2018 FC 120. 20