List of Abbreviations 1954 Convention 1961 Convention 2011 Survey 2016 Survey CBSA Charter IRB Indigenous person IRCC Non-status H&C IRPA Jus sanguinis Jus soli PRRA Refugee Convention RPD RAD StatsCan UNHCR 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness Statistics Canada 2011 National Household Survey Statistics Canada 2016 National Household Survey Canada Border Services Agency Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada First Nations, Inuit, Métis, Treaty Indians, and non-status Indians Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (formerly Citizenship and Immigration Canada, CIC) Persons in Canada without any recognized immigration/refugee status Humanitarian and Compassionate grounds Immigration and Refugee Protection Act The ‘right of descent’, referring to citizenship by descent The ‘right of the soil’, referring to birthright citizenship Pre Removal Risk Assessment 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol Refugee Protection Division Refugee Appeal Division Statistics Canada United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees vii