mainstreaming of the apartheid framework in the global discourse on Palestine. Notwithstanding various groundbreaking reports, such as those from former Special Rapporteur John Dugard in 2007, former Special Rapporteur Richard Falk in 2014, the UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) in 2017, Special Rapporteur Michael Lynk in 2022, and current Special Rapporteur Francesca Albanese in 2022,8 it was only in the last few years that members of the international community, including other Special Rapporteurs, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, have adopted this terminology in their assessments and condemnations of Israel.9 Still, Palestinians have long recognized that apartheid is but one pillar – albeit a significant one – of the Israeli regime, and that the regime’s settler colonial logics must also be acknowledged as an essential frame in which apartheid has evolved. While the framework of settler colonialism shapes the analysis of many Palestinian human rights organizations and academics, it remains largely absent from the discourse of duty bearers and stakeholders in the international community. In fact, the failure of international reports and statements to (1) recognize Israel’s colonial nature and (2) illuminate the 8 John Dugard, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967’ (29 January 2007) A/HRC/4/17 <https:// digitallibrary.un.org/record/593075?ln=en>; Richard Falk, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967’ (13 January 2014) A/HRC/25/67 <https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/25/67>; See also the withdrawn report issued by UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), Israeli practices towards the Palestinian People and the Question of Apartheid (15 March 2017 ) E/ESCWA/ECRI/2017/1 <https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/wpcontent/uploads/downloads/201703_UN_ESCWA-israeli-practices-palestinian-peopleapartheid-occupation-english.pdf>; Michael Lynk, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967’ (12 August 2022) A/ HRC/49/87 <https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G22/448/72/PDF/ G2244872.pdf ?OpenElement>; Francesca Albanese, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967’ (21 September 2022) A/77/356 <https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N22/598/03/ PDF/N2259803.pdf ?OpenElement> accessed 5 April 2023. 9 Amnesty International, Israel’s Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity (Amnesty International 2022) <https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ mde15/5141/2022/en/>; Human Rights Watch, A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution (Human Rights Watch 2021) <https://www.hrw.org/sites/ default/files/media_2021/04/israel_palestine0421_web_0.pdf> accessed 5 April 2023. 3