Legal Identity, Race and Belonging in the Dominican Republic Likewise, there are opportunities to continue developing gender analysis of the Dominican case.27 Legal Identity mentions women in passing, as single mothers targeted for social policy and also ‘paradoxically … as both the incubators of this feared invasion and standing at the frontline of efforts to defend the Dominican bloodline’.28 Future research might wish to deploy intersectional feminist analysis to understand the dynamics of inclusion/exclusion as they continue to operate in identity and other social governance systems, generating a risk of statelessness. 29 Who are the designated or socially sanctioned reproducers of nation? Which mothers and children are seen as worthy of social protection in the eyes of the state? This book will be of interest not only for researchers, practitioners, students and human rights defenders concerned with the ongoing statelessness situation in the Dominican Republic, but also those paying attention to the technologies being rolled out in pursuit of the legal identity agenda around the world. This book shows that legal identity has been both an opportunity and a threat since well before the creation of the Sustainable Development Agenda, and that international development actors have a track record of contributing to both. We can collectively respond to Hayes de Kalaf’s call to ‘critically assess the ways in which this target (SDG 16.9) might be counterproductive to the overall aims of the SDGs by (re)producing inequality, exacerbating statelessness and contributing to exclusion’.30 Finally, we can hold international organisations accountable for the unintended consequences of their actions. Race and belonging cannot be filters for determining legal identity. Non-discrimination must be a central part of what is meant by strengthening civil registration and promoting legal identity for all. 27 28 29 30 Allison J Petrozziello, ‘(Re)Producing Statelessness via Indirect Gender Discrimination: Descendants of Haitian Migrants in the Dominican Republic’ (2019) 57 International Migration 213. Hayes de Kalaf (n 1) 20–21. Deirdre Brennan, ‘Statelessness and the Feminist Toolbox: Another Man-Made Problem with a Feminist Solution?’ (2019) 24 Tilburg Law Review 170; Deirdre Brennan, Nina Murray and Allison J Petrozziello, ‘Asking the “Other Questions”: Applying Intersectionality to Understand Statelessness in Europe’ in Tendayi Bloom and Lindsey N Kingston (eds), Statelessness, Governance, and the Problem of Citizenship (Manchester University Press 2021). Hayes de Kalaf (n 1) 105. 371